PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthis
một
awoman—whatthen?Istherenotgroundforsuspectingthat
tất cả
allphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtohiểu
understandwomen—thattheterribleseriousnessvà
andclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhavethường
usuallypaidtheiraddressestoSự thật
Truth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinningmột
awoman?Certainlyshehas
chưa bao giờ
neverallowedherselftobewon;và
andatpresenteverykindofdogmastandsvới
withsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,thực sự
indeed,itstandsatall!For
có
therearescofferswhomaintainrằng
thatithasfallen,thattất cả
alldogmaliesontheground—nayhơn
more,thatitisatitscuối
lastgasp.Buttospeak
nghiêm túc
seriously,therearegoodgroundsforhopingrằng
thatalldogmatizinginphilosophy,dù
whateversolemn,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,có thể
mayhavebeenonlyanoblepuerilismvà
andtyronism;andprobablythetimeisathandwhenit
sẽ
willbeonceandagainunderstoodWHAThasthực sự
actuallysufficedforthebasisofsuchimposingvà
andabsolutephilosophicaledificesasnhững
thedogmatistshavehithertoreared:có lẽ
perhapssomepopularsuperstitionofimmemorialthời gian
time(suchasthesoul-superstition,mà
which,intheformofsubject-và
andego-superstition,hasnotyetceaseddoingmischief):có lẽ
perhapssomeplayuponwords,adeceptiononthepartofgrammar,hoặc
oranaudaciousgeneralizationofrất
veryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.Các
Thephilosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,waschỉ
onlyapromiseforthousandsofyearssau đó
afterwards,aswasastrologyinstilltrước
earliertimes,intheserviceofwhichprobablymorelabour,vàng
gold,acuteness,andpatiencehavebeenspentthanonbất kỳ
anyactualsciencehitherto:we
nợ
owetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiavà
andEgypt,thegrandstyleofkiến trúc
architecture.Itseemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesupon
những
theheartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,tất cả
allgreatthingshavefirsttolang thang
wanderabouttheearthaskhổng lồ
enormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:dogmaticphilosophyhasbeen
một
acaricatureofthiskind—forinstance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,và
andPlatonisminEurope.Letusnotbeungratefulto
nó
it,althoughitmustcertainlybeconfessedrằng
thattheworst,themostmệt mỏi
tiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenmột
adogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofTinh khiết
PureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.Nhưng
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,khi
whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,có thể
canagaindrawbreathfreelyvà
andatleastenjoyahealthier—sleep,chúng tôi
we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsoftất cả
allthestrengthwhichthecuộc đấu tranh
struggleagainstthiserrorhasfostered.Itamountedtotheveryinversionof
sự thật
truth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—ofcuộc sống
life,tospeakofSpiritvà
andtheGoodasPlatospokeofhọ
them;indeedonemightask,asa
bác sĩ
physician:"Howdidsuchamalady
tấn công
attackthatfinestproductofantiquity,Plato?Hadthe
ác
wickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?WasSocrates
sau
afterallacorrupterofyouths,và
anddeservedhishemlock?"Butthe
cuộc đấu tranh
struggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,và
andforthe"people"—thestrugglechống lại
againsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsofKitô giáo
Christianity(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),producedinEuropemột
amagnificenttensionofsoul,suchashadnotexistedbất cứ nơi nào
anywherepreviously;withsuchatenselystrained
cung
bowonecannowaimatnhững
thefurthestgoals.Asamatterof
thực tế
fact,theEuropeanfeelsthistensionasmột
astateofdistress,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendnhững
thebow:oncebymeansofJesuitism,
và
andthesecondtimebymeansofdemocraticenlightenment—which,với
withtheaidoflibertyofthebáo chí
pressandnewspaper-reading,might,inthực tế
fact,bringitaboutthatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcreditto
họ
them!buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinvented
in
printing.)Butwe,whoare
không
neitherJesuits,nordemocrats,northậm chí
evensufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,và
andfree,VERYfreespirits—wecó
haveitstill,alltheđau khổ
distressofspiritandallnhững
thetensionofitsbow!Và
Andperhapsalsothearrow,theduty,và
and,whoknows?THEGOALTOAIMAT....
Chương
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS1.
TheWillto
Sự thật
Truth,whichistotemptustonhiều
manyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofmà
whichallphilosophershavehithertospokenvới
withrespect,whatquestionshasthisWilltoSự thật
Truthnotlaidbeforeus!Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itis
đã
alreadyalongstory;yetitseemsasifitwerehardlycommenced.
Isitanywonderifweat
cuối
lastgrowdistrustful,losepatience,và
andturnimpatientlyaway?That
này
thisSphinxteachesusatcuối
lasttoaskquestionsourselves?Ai
WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstousđây
here?WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?
In
thực tế
factwemadealongdừng
haltatthequestionastothenguồn gốc
originofthisWill—untilatcuối
lastwecametoanabsolutestandstilltrước
beforeayetmorefundamentalquestion.Weinquired
về
abouttheVALUEofthisWill.Grantedthatwe
muốn
wantthetruth:WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
Và
Anduncertainty?Evenignorance?
The
vấn đề
problemofthevalueofsự thật
truthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewhopresentedourselvestrước
beforetheproblem?WhichofusistheOedipus
đây
here?WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobe
một
arendezvousofquestionsandnotesofinterrogation.Và
Andcoulditbebelievedrằng
thatitatlastseemstousasifthevấn đề
problemhadneverbeenpropoundedtrước
before,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernnó
it,getasightofnó
it,andRISKRAISINGit?For
có
thereisriskinraisingnó
it,perhapsthereisnolớn
greaterrisk.2.
"HOWCOULD
gì
anythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?For
ví dụ
example,truthoutoferror?hay
ortheWilltoTruthoutofthewilltodeception?hay
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?hay
orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewisemanoutofcovetousness?Suchgenesisisimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitis
một
afool,nay,worsethanmột
afool;thingsofthehighest
trị
valuemusthaveadifferentnguồn gốc
origin,anoriginofTHEIRown—innày
thistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryworld,innày
thisturmoilofdelusionandcupidity,theycannotcó
havetheirsource.Butratherin
các
thelapofBeing,incác
theintransitory,intheconcealedGod,incác
the'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirnguồn
source,andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeofreasoningdisclosescác
thetypicalprejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansoftất cả
alltimescanberecognized,này
thismodeofvaluationisatcác
thebackofalltheirlogic
logicalprocedure;throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forsomething
đó
thatisintheendsolemnlychristened"theTruth."Các
ThefundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansisCác
THEBELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.It
không bao giờ
neveroccurredeventothewariestofthemtonghi ngờ
doubthereontheveryngưỡng
threshold(wheredoubt,however,wasmostcần thiết
necessary);thoughtheyhadmade
một
asolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."Forit
có thể
maybedoubted,firstly,whetherantithesestồn tại
existatall;andsecondly,
liệu
whetherthepopularvaluationsandantithesesoftrị
valueuponwhichmetaphysicianshaveđặt
settheirseal,arenotperhapschỉ
merelysuperficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,ngoài
besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomegóc
corner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,tomượn
borrowanexpressioncurrentamongpainters.Inspiteof
tất cả
allthevaluewhichmaythuộc
belongtothetrue,thetích cực
positive,andtheunselfish,itmightbepossiblethatmột
ahigherandmorefundamentaltrị
valueforlifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tocác
thewilltodelusion,toselfishness,và
andcupidity.ItmightevenbepossiblethatWHATconstitutesthe
trị
valueofthosegoodandrespectedthings,consistschính xác
preciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyliên quan
related,knotted,andcrochetedtothesexấu xa
evilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhapsthậm chí
eveninbeingessentiallyidenticalvới
withthem.Perhaps!
Butwhowishesto
quan tâm
concernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!For
đó
thatinvestigationonemustawaittheadventofamới
neworderofphilosophers,suchassẽ
willhaveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthenguy hiểm
dangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseofthethuật ngữ
term.Andtospeakinallseriousness,I
thấy
seesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoxuất hiện
appear.3.
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,
và
andhavingreadbetweentheirlineslâu
longenough,Inowsaytomyselfrằng
thatthegreaterpartofthức
consciousthinkingmustbecountedamongcác
theinstinctivefunctions,anditissongay cả
eveninthecaseoftriết học
philosophicalthinking;onehashereto
học
learnanew,asonelearnedanewvề
aboutheredityand"innateness."As
ít
littleastheactofsinh
birthcomesintoconsiderationinthewholequá trình
processandprocedureofheredity,chỉ
justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinbất kỳ
anydecisivesense;thegreater
phần
partoftheconsciousthinkingofmột
aphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,và
andforcedintodefinitechannels.Và
Andbehindalllogicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,có
therearevaluations,ortonói
speakmoreplainly,physiologicaldemands,fortheduy trì
maintenanceofadefinitemodeoflifeForví dụ
example,thatthecertainistrị
worthmorethantheuncertain,rằng
thatillusionislessvaluablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforUS,mightnotwithstandingbechỉ
onlysuperficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybecần thiết
necessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.Supposing,ineffect,thatmanisnot
chỉ
justthe"measureofthings."4.
Thefalsenessof
một
anopinionisnotforusbất kỳ
anyobjectiontoit:itis
đây
here,perhaps,thatournewlanguagesoundsnhất
moststrangely.Thequestionis,
cách
howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,có lẽ
perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtoduy trì
maintainthatthefalsestopinionsĐể
(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsapriorithuộc
belong),arethemostindispensabletous,thatkhông
withoutarecognitionoflogicalfictions,không
withoutacomparisonofrealityvới
withthepurelyIMAGINEDworldoftheabsolutevà
andimmutable,withoutaconstantcounterfeitingoftheworldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.TORECOGNISEUNTRUTHAS
Một
ACONDITIONOFLIFE;thatis
chắc chắn
certainlytoimpugnthetraditionalideasoftrị
valueinadangerousmanner,và
andaphilosophywhichventurestolàm
doso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyondgoodvà
andevil.5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfully
và
andhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeatedkhám phá
discoveryhowinnocenttheyare—howthường
oftenandeasilytheymakemistakesvà
andlosetheirway,inshort,howchildishvà
andchildliketheyare,—butthatcó
thereisnotenoughhonestdealingvới
withthem,whereastheyallraisemột
aloudandvirtuousoutcrykhi
whentheproblemoftruthfulnessisthậm chí
evenhintedatintheremotestmanner.They
tất cả
allposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredvà
andattainedthroughtheself-evolvingofmột
acold,pure,divinelyindifferentdialecticTrong
(incontrasttoallsortsofmystics,người
who,fairerandfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,infact,một
aprejudicedproposition,idea,or"suggestion,"whichisthường
generallytheirheart'sdesireabstractedvà
andrefined,isdefendedbythemvới
withargumentssoughtoutafterthesự kiện
event.Theyarealladvocates
người
whodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,nói chung
generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,mà
whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYxa
farfromhavingtheconsciencemà
whichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,rất
veryfarfromhavingthetốt
goodtasteofthecouragemà
whichgoessofarastocho
letthisbeunderstood,perhapstocảnh báo
warnfriendorfoe,orinvui vẻ
cheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.ThespectacleoftheTartufferyof
cũ
oldKant,equallystiffanddecent,với
withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatdẫn
lead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wengười
whofindnosmallamusementinspyingoutthesubtletricksofcũ
oldmoralistsandethicalpreachers.Hoặc
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematicalhình thức
form,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhisphilosophyinthư
mailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"todịch
translatethetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebytotấn công
striketerroratonceintotheheartoftheassailantngười
whoshoulddaretocastmột
aglanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityvà
andvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofmột
asicklyreclusebetray!6.
Ithas
dần
graduallybecomecleartomewhateverylớn
greatphilosophyuptillnowhasconsistedof—namely,những
theconfessionofitsoriginator,và
andaspeciesofinvoluntaryvà
andunconsciousauto-biography;andmoreoverthatthe
đạo đức
moral(orimmoral)purposeineveryphilosophyhasconstitutedthetruevitalmầm
germoutofwhichtheentirecây
planthasalwaysgrown.Indeed,to
hiểu
understandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofmột
aphilosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itisluôn luôn
alwayswell(andwise)tofirsthỏi
askoneself:"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)
nhắm
aimat?"Accordingly,Idonot
tin
believethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthecha
fatherofphilosophy;butthatanotherimpulse,
đây
hereaselsewhere,hasonlymadesử dụng
useofknowledge(andmistakenkiến thức
knowledge!)asaninstrument.
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofman
với
withaviewtodetermininghowfartheycó thể
mayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENIIHoặc
(orasdemonsandcobolds),willthấy
findthattheyhaveallpracticedphilosophyatonetimehoặc
oranother,andthateachoneofthemwouldhavebeenchỉ
onlytoogladtolookuponitselfasthecuối cùng
ultimateendofexistenceandthelegitimateChúa
LORDoveralltheotherimpulses.Foreveryimpulseisimperious,
và
andasSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.Tobesure,inthe
trường hợp
caseofscholars,inthetrường hợp
caseofreallyscientificmen,itcó thể
maybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;therethere
có thể
mayreallybesuchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"someloại
kindofsmall,independentclock-work,which,khi
whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,Không
WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakingbất kỳ
anymaterialparttherein.Theactual"interests"ofthescholar,
do đó
therefore,aregenerallyinquiteanotherdirection—inthegia đình
family,perhaps,orinmoney-making,hoặc
orinpolitics;itis,in
thực tế
fact,almostindifferentatwhatđiểm
pointofresearchhislittlemáy
machineisplaced,andwhetherthehy vọng
hopefulyoungworkerbecomesagoodphilologist,một
amushroomspecialist,orachemist;heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecoming
này
thisorthat.Inthe
triết học
philosopher,onthecontrary,thereishoàn toàn
absolutelynothingimpersonal;andaboveall,his
đạo đức
moralityfurnishesadecidedandquyết định
decisivetestimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhattự
orderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnatuređứng
standtoeachother.7.
How
độc
maliciousphilosopherscanbe!I
biết
knowofnothingmorestingingthannhững
thejokeEpicurustookthetự do
libertyofmakingonPlatovà
andthePlatonists;hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginal
ý nghĩa
sense,andonthefaceofit,thetừ
wordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesvà
andlick-spittles;besidesthis,however,itisas
nhiều
muchastosay,"Theyaretất cả
allACTORS,thereisnothinggenuinevề
aboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasaphổ biến
popularnameforanactor).Và
Andthelatterisreallythemalignantreproachmà
thatEpicuruscastuponPlato:hewasannoyedby
các
thegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenephong cách
styleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofmà
whichEpicuruswasnotamaster!Ông
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhisnhỏ
littlegardenatAthens,andwroteba
threehundredbooks,perhapsoutofragevà
andambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!Greecetook
một
ahundredyearstofindra
outwhothegarden-godEpicurusthực sự
reallywas.Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereis
một
apointineveryphilosophyatmà
whichthe"conviction"ofthetriết học
philosopherappearsonthescene;hoặc
or,toputitinthewordsofmột
anancientmystery:.Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
Youdesireto
Sống
LIVE"accordingtoNature"?Oh,younobleStoics,what
lừa đảo
fraudofwords!Imaginetoyourselves
một
abeinglikeNature,boundlesslyextravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,không
withoutpurposeorconsideration,withoutpityhay
orjustice,atoncefruitfulvà
andbarrenanduncertain:imaginetoyourselvesINDIFFERENCEas
một
apower—howCOULDyouliveinaccordancevới
withsuchindifference?Tolive—isnotthat
chỉ
justendeavouringtobeotherwisethannày
thisNature?Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobe
khác
different?Andgrantedthatyour
mệnh lệnh
imperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"meansthực sự
actuallythesameas"livingtheo
accordingtolife"—howcouldyoulàm
doDIFFERENTLY?Whyshouldyou
làm
makeaprincipleoutofwhatyouyourselveslà
are,andmustbe?Inreality,
tuy nhiên
however,itisquiteotherwisevới
withyou:whileyoupretendto
đọc
readwithrapturethecanonofyourlawinTự nhiên
Nature,youwantsomethingquitethengược lại
contrary,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!Inyourprideyou
muốn
wishtodictateyourmoralsvà
andidealstoNature,toThiên nhiên
Natureherself,andtoincorporatethemtherein;youinsist
rằng
thatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"và
andwouldlikeeverythingtobemadeafteryourownimage,asmột
avast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!Với
Withallyourloveforsự thật
truth,youhaveforcedyourselvessolâu
long,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoseeThiên nhiên
NatureFALSELY,thatistonói
say,Stoically,thatyouarekhông
nolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andtovương miện
crownall,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamitehy vọng
hopethatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturesẽ
willalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:isnottheStoic
một
aPARTofNature?...But
đây
thisisanoldandeverlastingstory:whathappenedinoldtimes
với
withtheStoicsstillhappensnay
today,assoonasevermột
aphilosophybeginstobelieveinitself.Italwayscreatestheworldinitsownimage;
itcannot
làm
dootherwise;philosophyisthistyrannicalimpulseitself,the
nhất
mostspiritualWilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausaprima.10.
Theeagerness
và
andsubtlety,Ishouldevennói
saycraftiness,withwhichthevấn đề
problemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtvới
withatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesthức ăn
foodforthoughtandattention;và
andhewhohearsonlymột
a"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,và
andnothingelse,cannotcertainlytự hào
boastofthesharpestears.In
hiếm
rareandisolatedcases,itcó thể
mayreallyhavehappenedthatsuchmột
aWilltoTruth—acertainextravagantvà
andadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionofnhững
theforlornhope—hasparticipatedtherein:thatwhichin
những
theendalwaysprefersahandfulof"certainty"tomột
awholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;there
có thể
mayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsofconscience,người
whoprefertoputtheircuối
lasttrustinasurenothing,ratherhơn
thaninanuncertainsomething.Nhưng
ButthatisNihilism,andthedấu hiệu
signofadespairing,mortallyweariedlinh hồn
soul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingsuchmột
avirtuemaydisplay.Itseems,
tuy nhiên
however,tobeotherwisewithmạnh
strongerandlivelierthinkerswhoarestilleagerforlife.Inthattheyside
Chống lại
AGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyranknhững
thecredibilityoftheirownbodiesvề
aboutaslowastheđộ tin cậy
credibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"và
andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurestpossessiontoescapeCho
(forwhatdoesoneatpresenttin
believeinmorefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsnếu
iftheyarenotreallytryingtowinlại
backsomethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurerpossession,somethingofnhững
theolddomainofthefaithofformertimes,có lẽ
perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inngắn
short,ideasbywhichtheycouldsống
livebetter,thatistosay,morevigorouslyvà
andmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?ThereisDISTRUSTof
những
thesemodernideasinthismodeoflookingatthings,một
adisbeliefinallthathasbeenconstructedyesterdayvà
andtoday;thereisperhaps
một
someslightadmixtureofsatietyvà
andscorn,whichcannolongerchịu đựng
enduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasofcác
themostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsoncác
themarket;adisgustofthe
hơn
morerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessvà
andpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisgì
nothingeithernewortrue,exceptnày
thismotleyness.Thereinitseemstomethatwe
nên
shouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsvà
andknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentngày
day;theirinstinct,whichrepelsthemfrom
Hiện đại
MODERNreality,isunrefuted...whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
Themain
điều
thingaboutthemisNOTmà
thattheywishtogo"back,"butmà
thattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.Một
AlittleMOREstrength,swing,dũng cảm
courage,andartisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!11.
Itseemstomethatthereis
ở khắp mọi nơi
everywhereanattemptatpresenttodivertattentionfromtheactualảnh hưởng
influencewhichKantexercisedonGermanphilosophy,và
andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythetrị
valuewhichhesetuponhimself.Kantwasfirstand
hết
foremostproudofhisTableofCategories;với
withitinhishandhesaid:"Thisisthe
nhất
mostdifficultthingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."Hãy
Letusonlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!Hewas
tự hào
proudofhavingDISCOVEREDamới
newfacultyinman,thefacultyofsyntheticjudgmentmột
apriori.Grantingthathedeceivedhimselfin
này
thismatter;thedevelopmentand
nhanh chóng
rapidflourishingofGermanphilosophydependedtuy nhiên
neverthelessonhispride,andoncác
theeagerrivalryofthetrẻ
youngergenerationtodiscoverifpossiblesomething—attất cả
allevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectformột
amoment—itishightimetodoso."HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatis
thực sự
reallyhisanswer?"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotin
năm
fivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,và
andwithsuchdisplayofGermanprofundityvà
andverbalflourishes,thatonehoàn toàn
altogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeliên quan
involvedinsuchananswer.Peoplewere
bên cạnh
besidethemselveswithdelightovernày
thisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreacheditsclimaxkhi
whenKantfurtherdiscoveredađạo đức
moralfacultyinman—foratđó
thattimeGermanswerestillđạo đức
moral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofcứng
hardfact."Thencamethe
tuần trăng mật
honeymoonofGermanphilosophy.Allthe
trẻ
youngtheologiansoftheTubingentổ chức
institutionwentimmediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."Và
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,giàu
rich,andstillyouthfulperiodofnhững
theGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,những
themaliciousfairy,pipedandsang,khi
whenonecouldnotyetphân biệt
distinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!Trên
Aboveallafacultyforthe"transcendental";Schellingchristenedit,
trí tuệ
intellectualintuition,andtherebygratifiednhững
themostearnestlongingsofnhững
thenaturallypious-inclinedGermans.Onecan
làm
donogreaterwrongtonhững
thewholeofthisexuberantvà
andeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoaryvà
andsenileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,hoặc
oreventreatitwithđạo đức
moralindignation.Enough,however—theworldgrew
già
older,andthedreamvanished.Atimecamewhen
người
peoplerubbedtheirforeheads,andtheyvẫn
stillrubthemtoday.Peoplehadbeendreaming,
và
andfirstandforemost—oldKant."Bymeansof
một
ameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,hoặc
oratleastmeanttonói
say.But,isthat—ananswer?
Một
Anexplanation?Orisitnotrather
chỉ
merelyarepetitionofthequestion?Làm thế nào
Howdoesopiuminducesleep?"Bymeansof
một
ameans(faculty),"namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthebác sĩ
doctorinMoliere,.Butsuchreplies
thuộc
belongtotherealmofcomedy,và
anditishightimetoreplacetheKantianquestion,"Howaresyntheticjudgmentsmột
aPRIORIpossible?"byanotherquestion,"Whyisbeliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishightime
rằng
thatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgmentsphải
mustbebelievedtobeđúng
true,forthesakeofthebảo tồn
preservationofcreatureslikeourselves;thoughthey
vẫn
stillmightnaturallybefalsejudgments!Hoặc
Or,moreplainlyspoken,androughlyvà
andreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriorinên
shouldnot"bepossible"attất cả
all;wehavenorightto
chúng
them;inourmouthstheyarenothingbut
sai
falsejudgments.Only,ofcourse,the
niềm tin
beliefintheirtruthiscần thiết
necessary,asplausiblebeliefandocularbằng chứng
evidencebelongingtotheperspectiveviewofcuộc sống
life.Andfinally,tocalltomind
các
theenormousinfluencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—Ihy vọng
hopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutcác
thewholeofEurope,thereiskhông
nodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadmột
ashareinit;thankstoGermanphilosophy,itwasadelighttothe
quý tộc
nobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,và
andthepoliticalobscurantistsoftất cả
allnations,tofindanantidotetothestilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromthelastcenturyintonày
this,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...