PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundforsuspecting
що
thatallphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtoзрозуміти
understandwomen—thattheterribleseriousnessі
andclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhaveusuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,havebeenunskilledі
andunseemlymethodsforwinningaжінки
woman?Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;
і
andatpresenteverykindofdogmastandswithsadі
anddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!Fortherearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,thatalldogmaliesontheground—naymore,thatitisatitslastgasp.
Але
Buttospeakseriously,therearegoodgroundsforhopingthatalldogmatizinginphilosophy,whateversolemn,whateverconclusiveі
anddecidedairsithasassumed,може
mayhavebeenonlyanoblepuerilismі
andtyronism;andprobablythe
час
timeisathandwhenitбуде
willbeonceandagainunderstoodWHAThasнасправді
actuallysufficedforthebasisofтаких
suchimposingandabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistshavehithertoreared:можливо
perhapssomepopularsuperstitionofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheformofsubject-і
andego-superstition,hasnotyetceaseddoingmischief):можливо
perhapssomeplayuponwords,adeceptiononthepartofgrammar,або
oranaudaciousgeneralizationofдуже
veryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.Thephilosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,was
лише
onlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyinще
stillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhichймовірно
probablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,і
andpatiencehavebeenspentніж
thanonanyactualsciencehitherto:weowetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,thegrandstyleofarchitecture.
Itseemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesuponthe
серце
heartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,всі
allgreatthingshavefirsttowanderabouttheземлі
earthasenormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:dogmaticphilosophyhasbeenacaricatureofthiskind—forinstance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,
та
andPlatonisminEurope.Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughitmustcertainlybeconfessed
що
thattheworst,themosttiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenadogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.Але
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,коли
whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,може
canagaindrawbreathfreelyі
andatleastenjoyahealthier—sleep,ми
we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthestruggleпроти
againstthiserrorhasfostered.Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,
і
andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—ofжиття
life,tospeakofSpiritі
andtheGoodasPlatospokeofних
them;indeedonemightask,asaphysician:
"Howdid
така
suchamaladyattackthatfinestproductofantiquity,Plato?HadthewickedSocrates
справді
reallycorruptedhim?WasSocratesafterallacorrupterofyouths,
і
anddeservedhishemlock?"Butthestruggle
проти
againstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,і
andforthe"people"—thestruggleпроти
againsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsofChristianityДля
(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),producedinEuropeamagnificenttensionofsoul,такої
suchashadnotexistedanywherepreviously;з
withsuchatenselystrainedbowoneможна
cannowaimatthefurthestgoals.Asamatteroffact,theEuropeanfeels
цю
thistensionasastateofdistress,і
andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:одного разу
oncebymeansofJesuitism,andtheдругого
secondtimebymeansofdemocraticenlightenment—which,withtheaidoflibertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,might,infact,bringitaboutщо
thatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcreditto
них
them!buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinventedprinting.)
Але
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,norevensufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,і
andfree,VERYfreespirits—wehaveitstill,allthedistressofspiritі
andallthetensionofitsbow!І
Andperhapsalsothearrow,theduty,і
and,whoknows?THEGOALTOAIMAT....
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
TheWilltoTruth,whichistotemptustomanyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhich
всі
allphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshasця
thisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeus!Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itis
вже
alreadyalongstory;yetitseemsasifitwerehardlycommenced.
Isitanywonder
якщо
ifweatlastgrowdistrustful,losepatience,і
andturnimpatientlyaway?That
цей
thisSphinxteachesusatlasttoaskquestionsourselves?Хто
WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstoushere?WHAT
насправді
reallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inнас
us?Infactwemadea
довго
longhaltatthequestionastotheoriginofцієї
thisWill—untilatlastwecametoanabsolutestandstillперед
beforeayetmorefundamentalquestion.Weinquired
про
abouttheVALUEofthisWill.Grantedthatwe
хочемо
wantthetruth:WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
А
Anduncertainty?Evenignorance?
The
проблема
problemofthevalueoftruthpresenteditselfперед
beforeus—orwasitwewhopresentedourselvesперед
beforetheproblem?WhichofusistheOedipus
тут
here?WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobearendezvousofquestions
та
andnotesofinterrogation.Andcoulditbebelieved
що
thatitatlastseemstousasiftheпроблема
problemhadneverbeenpropoundedраніше
before,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,і
andRISKRAISINGit?Forthereisriskinraising
його
it,perhapsthereisnogreaterrisk.2.
"HOWCOULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,
істина
truthoutoferror?ortheWilltoTruthoutofthewilltodeception?
чи
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?чи
orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewisemanoutofcovetousness?Такий
Suchgenesisisimpossible;whoeverdreamsofitisafool,nay,worsethanafool;
thingsofthehighestvaluemust
мати
haveadifferentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inцьому
thistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryсвіті
world,inthisturmoilofdelusionі
andcupidity,theycannothavetheirsource.Але
ButratherinthelapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealedGod,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,і
andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeofreasoningdisclosesthetypicalprejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofвсіх
alltimescanberecognized,цей
thismodeofvaluationisatthebackofвсіх
alltheirlogicalprocedure;through
цій
this"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forчогось
somethingthatisintheendsolemnlychristened"theTruth."ThefundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansisTHEBELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.
Itneveroccurred
навіть
eventothewariestofthemtodoubtтут
hereontheverythreshold(wheredoubt,however,wasmostnecessary);хоча
thoughtheyhadmadeasolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."Foritmaybedoubted,firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;
та
andsecondly,whetherthepopularvaluationsта
andantithesesofvalueuponяких
whichmetaphysicianshavesettheirseal,arenotperhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomecorner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowanexpressioncurrentamongpainters.Inspiteofallthevaluewhichmaybelongtothetrue,thepositive,
і
andtheunselfish,itmightbeможливо
possiblethatahigherandбільш
morefundamentalvalueforlifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothewilltodelusion,toselfishness,і
andcupidity.Itmightevenbe
можливо
possiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofthosegoodі
andrespectedthings,consistspreciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,і
andcrochetedtotheseevilі
andapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeingessentiallyidenticalwithними
them.Perhaps!
Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwith
такі
suchdangerous"Perhapses"!Forthatinvestigationonemustawaittheadventofa
нового
neworderofphilosophers,suchasбудуть
willhaveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofтих
thosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseoftheterm.І
Andtospeakinallseriousness,Iseeтакі
suchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.3.
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,
і
andhavingreadbetweentheirlinesдовго
longenough,Inowsaytomyselfщо
thatthegreaterpartofconsciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,і
anditissoevenintheвипадку
caseofphilosophicalthinking;onehas
тут
heretolearnanew,asonelearnedanewпро
aboutheredityand"innateness."As
мало
littleastheactofbirthcomesintoconsiderationintheвесь
wholeprocessandprocedureofheredity,justasмало
littleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinanydecisivesense;thegreater
частина
partoftheconsciousthinkingofaphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,і
andforcedintodefinitechannels.І
Andbehindalllogicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,або
ortospeakmoreplainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceofadefinitemodeofжиття
lifeForexample,thatthecertainisworthmoreніж
thantheuncertain,thatillusionislessvaluableніж
than"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforНас
US,mightnotwithstandingbeonlysuperficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.Supposing,ineffect,
що
thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."4.
Thefalsenessofanopinionisnotforusanyobjectiontoit:
itis
тут
here,perhaps,thatournewlanguagesoundsmoststrangely.The
питання
questionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,можливо
perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtomaintainщо
thatthefalsestopinions(toяких
whichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),arethemostindispensabletoнас
us,thatwithoutarecognitionoflogicalfictions,без
withoutacomparisonofrealitywiththepurelyIMAGINEDсвіту
worldoftheabsoluteandimmutable,без
withoutaconstantcounterfeitingoftheсвіту
worldbymeansofnumbers,людина
mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.TORECOGNISEUNTRUTHASACONDITIONOF
Життя
LIFE;thatiscertainlytoimpugnthetraditionalideasofvalueinadangerousmanner,
і
andaphilosophywhichventurestoзробити
doso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyondgoodі
andevil.5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscoveryhowinnocenttheyare—howoftenandeasilytheymakemistakesandlosetheir
шлях
way,inshort,howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butщо
thatthereisnotenoughhonestdealingwithними
them,whereastheyallraisealoudandvirtuousoutcryколи
whentheproblemoftruthfulnessisнавіть
evenhintedatintheremotestmanner.They
всіх
allposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredі
andattainedthroughtheself-evolvingofaхолодної
cold,pure,divinelyindifferentdialectic(incontrasttoвсіх
allsortsofmystics,who,fairerі
andfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,infact,aprejudicedproposition,ідея
idea,or"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart'sdesireabstractedі
andrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutпісля
aftertheevent.Theyarealladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—and
Дуже
VERYfarfromhavingtheconsciencewhichbravelyadmitsце
thistoitself,veryfarfromhavingtheхороший
goodtasteofthecouragewhichgoessoдалеко
farastoletthisbeunderstood,можливо
perhapstowarnfriendorfoe,або
orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.На
ThespectacleoftheTartufferyofстарого
oldKant,equallystiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintoна
thedialecticby-waysthatlead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,weхто
whofindnosmallamusementinspyingoutна
thesubtletricksofoldmoralistsі
andethicalpreachers.Or,still
більше
moreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematicalform,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhisphilosophyinmailі
andmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"totranslatethetermfairlyі
andsquarely—inordertherebytostriketerroratonceintotheheartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocastaglanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityі
andvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofasicklyreclusebetray!6.
Ithasgraduallybecomecleartomewhat
кожна
everygreatphilosophyuptillnowhasconsistedof—namely,theconfessionofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofinvoluntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;andmoreoverthatthemoral(orimmoral)purposeineveryphilosophyhasconstitutedthetruevitalgermoutofwhichtheentireplanthas
завжди
alwaysgrown.Indeed,tounderstand
як
howtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofaphilosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itisзавжди
alwayswell(andwise)tofirstзапитати
askoneself:"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Accordingly,Idonot
вірю
believethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthefatherofphilosophy;але
butthatanotherimpulse,hereaselsewhere,hasтільки
onlymadeuseofknowledgeІ
(andmistakenknowledge!)asaninstrument.
Але
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofmanwithaviewtodetermininghowдалеко
fartheymayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENIIЧи
(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfindщо
thattheyhaveallpracticedphilosophyatoneчас
timeoranother,andthatкожен
eachoneofthemwouldhavebeenonlyдуже
toogladtolookuponitselfastheultimateendofexistenceі
andthelegitimateLORDoverвсі
alltheotherimpulses.For
кожен
everyimpulseisimperious,andasТакий
SUCH,attemptstophilosophize.Tobe
звичайно
sure,inthecaseofscholars,intheвипадку
caseofreallyscientificmen,itможе
maybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;therethere
може
mayreallybesuchaріч
thingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindofsmall,independentclock-work,which,коли
whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,Без
WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialparttherein.Theactual"interests"ofthescholar,therefore,aregenerallyin
зовсім
quiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,можливо
perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;itis,infact,
майже
almostindifferentatwhatpointofresearchhislittlemachineisplaced,і
andwhetherthehopefulyoungworkerbecomesagoodphilologist,amushroomspecialist,orachemist;heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecomingthis
або
orthat.Inthephilosopher,onthecontrary,thereisabsolutely
нічого
nothingimpersonal;andaboveall,hismoralityfurnishesadecided
і
anddecisivetestimonyastoХто
WHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhatпорядку
orderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnaturestandtoeachother.7.
Howmaliciousphilosophers
можуть
canbe!Iknowof
нічого
nothingmorestingingthanthejokeEpicurustookthelibertyofmakingonPlatoта
andthePlatonists;hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,
і
andonthefaceofit,theслово
wordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesі
andlick-spittles;besidesthis,however,itisasmuchasto
сказати
say,"TheyareallACTORS,thereisнічого
nothinggenuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopularnameforanactor).І
Andthelatterisreallyна
themalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:hewasannoyedbythegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenestyleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofwhichEpicuruswasnotamaster!
Він
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,і
andwrotethreehundredbooks,можливо
perhapsoutofrageandambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!Greecetookahundredyearstofind
з
outwhothegarden-godEpicurusнасправді
reallywas.Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereisapointineveryphilosophyatwhichthe"conviction"ofthephilosopherappearsonthescene;
або
or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
Youdesireto
Жити
LIVE"accordingtoNature"?Oh,younobleStoics,whatfraudofwords!
ImaginetoyourselvesabeinglikeNature,boundlesslyextravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,
без
withoutpurposeorconsideration,withoutpityorjustice,atoncefruitfulі
andbarrenanduncertain:imaginetoyourselvesINDIFFERENCEasapower—howCOULDyou
жити
liveinaccordancewithsuchindifference?Tolive—isnotthat
просто
justendeavouringtobeotherwiseніж
thanthisNature?Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
І
Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"meansнасправді
actuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—howcouldyouзробити
doDIFFERENTLY?Whyshouldyou
робити
makeaprincipleoutofwhatyouyourselvesє
are,andmustbe?Inreality,however,itis
зовсім
quiteotherwisewithyou:whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethecanonofyourlawinNature,you
хочете
wantsomethingquitethecontrary,youextraordinarystage-playersі
andself-deluders!Inyourprideyouwishtodictateyourmorals
і
andidealstoNature,toNatureherself,і
andtoincorporatethemtherein;youinsistthatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"
і
andwouldlikeeverythingtobemadeafteryourownimage,asavast,eternalglorificationі
andgeneralismofStoicism!With
все
allyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvessoдовго
long,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoбачити
seeNatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,що
thatyouarenolongerabletoбачити
seeitotherwise—andtocrownвсе
all,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamiteнадію
hopethatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillтакож
alsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:isnottheStoicaPARTofNature?...
Але
Butthisisanoldі
andeverlastingstory:whathappenedinoldtimes
зі
withtheStoicsstillhappensсьогодні
today,assoonaseveraphilosophybeginstoвірити
believeinitself.Italwayscreates
на
theworldinitsownimage;itcannot
робити
dootherwise;philosophyisthistyrannicalimpulseitself,themostspiritualWillto
Влади
Power,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausaprima.10.
Theeagerness
і
andsubtlety,Ishouldevensaycraftiness,withwhichtheпроблема
problemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesїжу
foodforthoughtandattention;andhe
хто
whohearsonlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,andніщо
nothingelse,cannotcertainlyboastofthesharpestears.Inrare
і
andisolatedcases,itmayдійсно
reallyhavehappenedthatsuchaWilltoTruth—acertainextravagantі
andadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionoftheforlornhope—hasparticipatedtherein:що
thatwhichintheendзавжди
alwaysprefersahandfulof"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;there
можуть
mayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsofconscience,які
whoprefertoputtheirlasttrustinна
asurenothing,ratherthaninanuncertainщось
something.ButthatisNihilism,
і
andthesignofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingтака
suchavirtuemaydisplay.Itseems,however,tobeotherwise
з
withstrongerandlivelierthinkersякі
whoarestilleagerforжиття
life.Inthattheyside
Проти
AGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthecredibilityoftheirownbodiesпро
aboutaslowasthecredibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"і
andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurestpossessiontoescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinбільш
morefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsiftheyarenotнасправді
reallytryingtowinbackщось
somethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurerpossession,щось
somethingoftheolddomainofthefaithofformertimes,можливо
perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichtheycouldжити
livebetter,thatistosay,більш
morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,ніж
thanby"modernideas"?ThereisDISTRUSTof
цих
thesemodernideasinthismodeoflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallщо
thathasbeenconstructedyesterdayі
andtoday;thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatietyandscorn,which
може
cannolongerenduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthemostvariedorigin,таких
suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;adisgustofthe
більш
morerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessі
andpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisnothingeitherнового
newortrue,exceptthismotleyness.Thereinitseemstomethatwe
повинні
shouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsі
andknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;theirinstinct,
який
whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...what
робити
dotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernнам
us!ThemainthingaboutthemisNOT
що
thattheywishtogo"back,"butщо
thattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.A
трохи
littleMOREstrength,swing,courage,andartisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotназад
back!11.
Itseemstome
що
thatthereiseverywhereanattemptatpresenttodivertattentionfromtheactualinfluencewhichKantexercisedonGermanphilosophy,і
andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.KantwasfirstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
з
withitinhishandhesaid:"Thisisthemostdifficult
річ
thingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."Letus
тільки
onlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!HewasproudofhavingDISCOVEREDanewfacultyinman,thefacultyofsyntheticjudgmentapriori.
Granting
що
thathedeceivedhimselfinцьому
thismatter;thedevelopmentandrapidflourishingofGermanphilosophydependedneverthelessonhispride,
і
andontheeagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationtodiscoverякщо
ifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobeще
stillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso."HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatis
насправді
reallyhisanswer?"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotin
п'яти
fivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuchdisplayofGermanprofundityandverbalflourishes,що
thatonealtogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchananswer.Peoplewerebesidethemselveswithdelight
більше
overthisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreacheditsclimaxколи
whenKantfurtherdiscoveredamoralfacultyinman—foratthatчас
timeGermanswerestillmoral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."ThencamethehoneymoonofGermanphilosophy.
Всі
AlltheyoungtheologiansoftheTubingeninstitutionwentimmediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."І
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,і
andstillyouthfulperiodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,themaliciousfairy,pipedі
andsang,whenonecouldnotyetdistinguishміж
between"finding"and"inventing"!Above
все
allafacultyforthe"transcendental";Schellingchristenedit,intellectualintuition,
і
andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthenaturallypious-inclinedGermans.One
можна
candonogreaterwrongtoна
thewholeofthisexuberantі
andeccentricmovement(whichwasнасправді
reallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoaryі
andsenileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,або
oreventreatitwithmoralindignation.Досить
Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,і
andthedreamvanished.A
час
timecamewhenpeoplerubbedtheirforeheads,і
andtheystillrubthemсьогодні
today.Peoplehadbeendreaming,
і
andfirstandforemost—oldKant."Bymeansofameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,
або
oratleastmeanttoсказати
say.But,isthat—ananswer?
Anexplanation?
Чи
Orisitnotrathermerelyarepetitionoftheпитання
question?Howdoesopiuminduce
сон
sleep?"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthe
лікар
doctorinMoliere,.Butsuchrepliesbelongtotherealmofcomedy,
і
anditishightimetoreplacetheKantianпитання
question,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"byanother
питання
question,"Whyisbeliefinтакі
suchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishighчас
timethatweshouldunderstandщо
thatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeofthepreservationofcreatureslikeourselves;хоча
thoughtheystillmightnaturallybefalsejudgments!Або
Or,moreplainlyspoken,androughlyі
andreadily—syntheticjudgmentsaprioriповинні
shouldnot"bepossible"atall;wehave
не
norighttothem;inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Тільки
Only,ofcourse,thebeliefintheirtruthisnecessary,asplausiblebeliefі
andocularevidencebelongingtoна
theperspectiveviewoflife.І
Andfinally,tocalltomindtheenormousinfluencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—Iсподіваюся
hopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisнемає
nodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;thankstoGermanphilosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,
і
andthepoliticalobscurantistsofallnations,toзнайти
findanantidotetothestilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromtheминулого
lastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...