Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Swedish B2 Books

Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Swedish B2 Books

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PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundforsuspectingthatallphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtounderstandwomen—thattheterribleseriousnessandclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhaveusuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinningawoman?
Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;
andatpresenteverykindofdogmastandswithsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!
Fortherearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,thatalldogmaliesontheground—naymore,thatitisatitslastgasp.
Buttospeakseriously,therearegoodgroundsforhopingthatalldogmatizinginphilosophy,whatever
högtidlig
solemn
,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,mayhavebeenonlyanoblepuerilismandtyronism;
andprobablythetimeisathandwhenitwillbeonceandagainunderstoodWHAThasactually
räckt
sufficed
forthebasisofsuchimposingandabsolute
filosofiska
philosophical
edificesasthedogmatistshavehithertoreared:
perhapssomepopular
vidskepelse
superstition
ofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheformofsubject-
andego-superstition,hasnotyet
upphört
ceased
doingmischief):
perhapssomeplayuponwords,a
bedrägeri
deception
onthepartofgrammar,oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.
The
filosofi
philosophy
ofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,wasonlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyinstillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhichprobablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,and
tålamod
patience
havebeenspentthanonanyactualsciencehitherto:
weowetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,thegrandstyleofarchitecture.
Itseemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesupontheheartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,allgreatthingshavefirstto
vandra
wander
abouttheearthas
enorma
enormous
andawe-inspiringcaricatures:
dogmatic
filosofi
philosophy
hasbeenacaricatureofthiskind—for
exempel
instance
,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,andPlatonisminEurope.
Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughitmustcertainlybeconfessedthattheworst,themosttiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenadogmatisterror—namely,Plato's
uppfinning
invention
ofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,canagaindrawbreath
fritt
freely
andatleastenjoyahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthestruggleagainstthis
misstag
error
hasfostered.
Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—the
grundläggande
fundamental
condition—oflife,tospeakofSpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;
indeedonemightask,asa
läkare
physician
:
"Howdidsuchamaladyattackthat
finaste
finest
productofantiquity,Plato?
HadthewickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?
WasSocratesafterallacorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"
ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,andforthe"people"—thestruggleagainsttheecclesiastical
förtryck
oppression
ofmillenniumsofChristianity(FOR
Kristendomen
CHRISTIANITY
ISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),
producerade
produced
inEuropeamagnificenttensionofsoul,suchashadnotexistedanywhere
tidigare
previously
;
withsuchatenselystrainedbowonecannowaimatthefurthestgoals.
Asamatteroffact,theEuropeanfeelsthis
spänning
tension
asastateof
nöd
distress
,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:
oncebymeansofJesuitism,andthesecondtimebymeansof
demokratisk
democratic
enlightenment—which,withtheaidoflibertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,might,infact,bringitaboutthatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!
(TheGermans
uppfann
invented
gunpowder—allcredittothem!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—they
uppfann
invented
printing.)
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,noreven
tillräckligt
sufficiently
Germans,weGOODEUROPEANS,andfree,VERYfreespirits—wehaveitstill,allthe
nöd
distress
ofspiritandallthe
spänning
tension
ofitsbow!
Andperhapsalsothe
pilen
arrow
,theduty,and,whoknows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
Kapitel
CHAPTER
I.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
TheWilltoTruth,whichisto
fresta
tempt
ustomanyahazardous
företag
enterprise
,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhichallphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshasthisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeus!
Whatstrange,perplexing,
tvivelaktiga
questionable
questions!
Itisalreadyalongstory;
yetitseemsasifitwerehardly
börjat
commenced
.
Isitanywonderifweatlastgrowdistrustful,losepatience,andturnimpatientlyaway?
ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlasttoaskquestionsourselves?
WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstoushere?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?
Infactwemadealong
stopp
halt
atthequestionastotheoriginofthisWill—untilatlastwecametoan
absolut
absolute
standstillbeforeayetmore
grundläggande
fundamental
question.
WeinquiredabouttheVALUEofthisWill.
Grantedthatwewantthetruth:
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
And
osäkerhet
uncertainty
?
Evenignorance?
Theproblemofthevalueoftruthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewhopresentedourselvesbeforetheproblem?
WhichofusistheOedipushere?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobearendezvousofquestionsandnotesofinterrogation.
Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousasiftheproblemhadneverbeenpropoundedbefore,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,andRISKRAISINGit?
Forthereisriskinraisingit,perhapsthereisnogreaterrisk.
2.
"HOWCOULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,truthoutof
misstag
error
?
ortheWilltoTruthoutofthewillto
bedrägeri
deception
?
orthegenerousdeedoutof
själviskhet
selfishness
?
orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewisemanoutofcovetousness?
Such
genesis
genesis
isimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitisafool,
nej
nay
,worsethanafool;
thingsofthehighestvaluemusthaveadifferent
ursprung
origin
,anoriginofTHEIRown—inthistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryworld,inthisturmoilofdelusionandcupidity,theycannothavetheirsource.
Butratherinthe
knä
lap
ofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealedGod,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,andnowhereelse!"—This
sätt
mode
ofreasoningdisclosesthe
typiska
typical
prejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofalltimescanberecognized,this
sätt
mode
ofvaluationisatthebackofalltheir
logiska
logical
procedure;
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forsomethingthatisintheend
högtidligt
solemnly
christened"theTruth."
The
grundläggande
fundamental
beliefofmetaphysiciansisTHE
Tron
BELIEF
INANTITHESESOFVALUES.
Itneveroccurredeventothewariestofthemtodoubthereontheverythreshold(wheredoubt,however,wasmostnecessary);
thoughtheyhadmadeasolemn
löfte
vow
,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."
Foritmaybedoubted,
först
firstly
,whetherantithesesexistatall;
and
andra
secondly
,whetherthepopularvaluationsandantithesesofvalueuponwhichmetaphysicianshavesettheir
sigill
seal
,arenotperhapsmerely
ytliga
superficial
estimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomecorner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowan
uttryck
expression
currentamongpainters.
In
trots
spite
ofallthevaluewhichmaybelongtothetrue,thepositive,andtheunselfish,itmightbepossiblethatahigherandmore
grundläggande
fundamental
valueforlifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothewilltodelusion,to
själviskhet
selfishness
,andcupidity.
ItmightevenbepossiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofthosegoodandrespectedthings,consists
just
precisely
intheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,andcrochetedtotheseevilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeing
i huvudsak
essentially
identicalwiththem.
Perhaps!
Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
Forthatinvestigationonemust
vänta
await
theadventofaneworderofphilosophers,suchaswillhaveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseoftheterm.
Andtospeakinallseriousness,Iseesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.
3.
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,andhavingreadbetweentheirlineslongenough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreaterpartofconsciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,anditissoeveninthecaseofphilosophicalthinking;
onehasheretolearnanew,asonelearnedanewaboutheredityand"innateness."
Aslittleastheactofbirthcomesinto
beaktande
consideration
inthewholeprocessandprocedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinany
avgörande
decisive
sense;
thegreaterpartofthe
medvetna
conscious
thinkingofaphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,andforcedintodefinitechannels.
Andbehindall
logik
logic
anditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,ortospeakmore
tydligt
plainly
,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceofadefinitemodeoflifeForexample,thatthecertainisworthmorethanthe
osäkra
uncertain
,thatillusionisless
värdefulla
valuable
than"truth"suchvaluations,in
trots
spite
oftheirregulativeimportanceforUS,mightnotwithstandingbeonly
ytliga
superficial
valuations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.
Supposing,ineffect,thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessofanopinionisnotforusany
invändning
objection
toit:
itishere,perhaps,thatournewlanguagesoundsmost
konstigt
strangely
.
Thequestionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,perhapsspecies-rearing,andweare
grunden
fundamentally
inclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),arethemostindispensabletous,thatwithouta
erkännande
recognition
oflogicalfictions,withouta
jämförelse
comparison
ofrealitywiththe
rent
purely
IMAGINEDworldoftheabsoluteandimmutable,withouta
ständig
constant
counterfeitingoftheworldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.
TO
Erkänna
RECOGNISE
UNTRUTHASACONDITIONOFLIFE;
thatiscertainlytoimpugnthe
traditionella
traditional
ideasofvalueinadangerous
sätt
manner
,andaphilosophywhich
vågar
ventures
todoso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyondgoodandevil.
5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeated
upptäckten
discovery
howinnocenttheyare—howoftenandeasilytheymakemistakesandlosetheirway,inshort,howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnotenoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereastheyallraisealoudandvirtuousoutcrywhentheproblemoftruthfulnessisevenhintedatintheremotestmanner.
Theyallposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredandattainedthroughtheself-evolvingofacold,pure,divinely
likgiltig
indifferent
dialectic(incontrasttoallsortsofmystics,who,fairerandfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,infact,aprejudicedproposition,idea,or"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart'sdesireabstractedandrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutaftertheevent.
Theyarealladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingthe
samvete
conscience
whichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegoodtasteofthecouragewhichgoessofarastoletthisbeunderstood,perhapstowarnfriendor
fiende
foe
,orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.
ThespectacleoftheTartufferyofoldKant,
lika
equally
stiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(more
korrekt
correctly
mislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewhofindnosmall
nöje
amusement
inspyingoutthe
subtila
subtle
tricksofoldmoralistsand
etiska
ethical
preachers.
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusin
matematisk
mathematical
form,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhis
filosofi
philosophy
inmailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"to
översätta
translate
thetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebytostrike
terror
terror
atonceintotheheartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocasta
blick
glance
onthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofasicklyreclusebetray!
6.
Ithas
gradvis
gradually
becomecleartomewhateverygreat
filosofi
philosophy
uptillnowhasconsistedof—namely,theconfessionofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofinvoluntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;
andmoreoverthatthe
moraliska
moral
(orimmoral)purposeinevery
filosofi
philosophy
hasconstitutedthetrue
vitala
vital
germoutofwhichtheentireplanthasalwaysgrown.
Indeed,tounderstandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofa
filosof
philosopher
havebeenarrivedat,itisalwayswell(andwise)tofirstaskoneself:
"What
moral
morality
dothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Följaktligen
Accordingly
,Idonotbelievethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthefatherofphilosophy;
butthatanother
impuls
impulse
,hereaselsewhere,hasonlymadeuseofknowledge(and
felaktig
mistaken
knowledge!)
asaninstrument.
Butwhoeverconsidersthe
grundläggande
fundamental
impulsesofmanwithaviewto
avgöra
determining
howfartheymayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENII(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfindthattheyhaveallpracticed
filosofi
philosophy
atonetimeoranother,andthateachoneofthemwouldhavebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfasthe
yttersta
ultimate
endofexistenceandthe
legitima
legitimate
LORDoveralltheotherimpulses.
Forevery
impuls
impulse
isimperious,andasSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.
Tobesure,inthecaseofscholars,inthecaseofreally
vetenskapliga
scientific
men,itmaybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;
theretheremayreallybesuchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindofsmall,
oberoende
independent
clock-work,which,whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialparttherein.
The
faktiska
actual
"interests"ofthescholar,therefore,aregenerallyinquiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;
itis,infact,almostindifferentatwhatpointofresearchhislittlemachineisplaced,andwhetherthehopefulyoungworkerbecomesagoodphilologist,amushroomspecialist,ora
kemist
chemist
;
heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecomingthisorthat.
Inthephilosopher,onthe
tvärtom
contrary
,thereisabsolutelynothingimpersonal;
andaboveall,his
moral
morality
furnishesadecidedand
avgörande
decisive
testimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhatorderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnaturestandtoeachother.
7.
Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!
IknowofnothingmorestingingthanthejokeEpicurustookthelibertyofmakingonPlatoandthePlatonists;
hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,andonthefaceofit,thewordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesandlick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisasmuchastosay,"TheyareallACTORS,thereisnothing
äkta
genuine
aboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopularnameforanactor).
Andthe
sistnämnda
latter
isreallythemalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:
hewasannoyedbythegrandiose
sättet
manner
,themiseenscenestyleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofwhichEpicuruswasnotamaster!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,perhapsoutof
raseri
rage
andambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!
Greecetookahundredyearstofindoutwhothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereisapointinevery
filosofi
philosophy
atwhichthe"conviction"ofthephilosopherappearsonthescene;
or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
YoudesiretoLIVE"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,you
ädla
noble
Stoics,whatfraudofwords!
ImaginetoyourselvesabeinglikeNature,boundlessly
extravagant
extravagant
,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurposeor
hänsyn
consideration
,withoutpityorjustice,atoncefruitfuland
ofruktsam
barren
anduncertain:
imaginetoyourselves
Likgiltighet
INDIFFERENCE
asapower—howCOULDyoulivein
enlighet
accordance
withsuchindifference?
Tolive—isnotthatjustendeavouringtobeotherwisethanthisNature?
Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,being
orättvis
unjust
,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
Andgrantedthatyour
imperativ
imperative
,"livingaccordingtoNature,"meansactuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—howcouldyoudo
Annorlunda
DIFFERENTLY
?
Whyshouldyoumakea
princip
principle
outofwhatyouyourselvesare,andmustbe?
Inreality,however,itisquiteotherwisewithyou:
whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethecanonofyourlawinNature,youwantsomethingquitethe
tvärtom
contrary
,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!
Inyourprideyouwishto
diktera
dictate
yourmoralsandidealstoNature,toNatureherself,andtoincorporatethemtherein;
you
insisterar
insist
thatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"andwouldlikeeverythingtobemadeafteryourownimage,asavast,
evig
eternal
glorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!
Withallyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvessolong,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoseeNatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,thatyouarenolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andto
krona
crown
all,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamitehopethatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:
isnottheStoicaPARTofNature?...
Butthisisanoldandeverlastingstory:
whathappenedinoldtimeswiththeStoicsstillhappenstoday,assoonasevera
filosofi
philosophy
beginstobelieveinitself.
Italwayscreatestheworldinitsownimage;
itcannotdootherwise;
philosophyisthistyrannical
impuls
impulse
itself,themostspiritualWilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausa
prima
prima
.
10.
Theeagernessandsubtlety,Ishouldevensaycraftiness,withwhichtheproblemof"therealandthe
uppenbara
apparent
world"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthoughtandattention;
andhewhohearsonlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,andnothingelse,cannotcertainly
skryta
boast
ofthesharpestears.
Inrareand
isolerade
isolated
cases,itmayreallyhavehappenedthatsuchaWilltoTruth—acertain
extravagant
extravagant
andadventurouspluck,ametaphysician's
ambition
ambition
oftheforlornhope—has
deltagit
participated
therein:
thatwhichintheendalwaysprefersa
handfull
handful
of"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;
theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsof
samvete
conscience
,whoprefertoputtheirlasttrustinasurenothing,ratherthaninanuncertainsomething.
ButthatisNihilism,andthesignofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingsucha
dygd
virtue
maydisplay.
Itseems,however,tobeotherwisewithstrongerandlivelierthinkerswhoarestill
ivriga
eager
forlife.
InthattheysideAGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthatthey
rankar
rank
thecredibilityoftheirownbodiesaboutaslowasthecredibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurest
besittning
possession
toescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinmorefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsiftheyarenotreallytryingtowinbacksomethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurer
besittning
possession
,somethingoftheolddomainofthefaithofformertimes,perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichtheycouldlivebetter,thatistosay,morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?
ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthis
sätt
mode
oflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallthathasbeenconstructedyesterdayandtoday;
thereisperhapssome
liten
slight
admixtureofsatietyand
förakt
scorn
,whichcannolonger
uthärda
endure
theBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthemost
varierade
varied
origin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;
a
avsky
disgust
ofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessandpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisnothingeithernewortrue,exceptthismotleyness.
Thereinitseemstomethatweshouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsandknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;
their
instinkt
instinct
,whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...
whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOTthattheywishtogo"back,"butthattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.
AlittleMOREstrength,swing,courage,and
konstnärlig
artistic
power,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!
11.
Itseemstomethatthereiseverywhereanattemptatpresentto
avleda
divert
attentionfromtheactual
inflytande
influence
whichKantexercisedonGermanphilosophy,andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.
Kantwasfirstand
främst
foremost
proudofhisTableofCategories;
withitinhishandhesaid:
"Thisisthemostdifficultthingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."
Letusonlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!
Hewasproudofhaving
Upptäckt
DISCOVERED
anewfacultyinman,thefacultyofsyntheticjudgmentapriori.
Grantingthathe
lurade
deceived
himselfinthismatter;
the
utveckling
development
andrapidflourishingofGermanphilosophy
berodde
depended
neverthelessonhispride,andonthe
ivriga
eager
rivalryoftheyoungergenerationto
upptäcka
discover
ifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso.
"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatisreallyhisanswer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotinfivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuch
uppvisning
display
ofGermanprofundityandverbal
blomstrar
flourishes
,thatonealtogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchananswer.
Peoplewerebesidethemselveswith
glädje
delight
overthisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreachedits
höjdpunkt
climax
whenKantfurtherdiscoveredamoralfacultyinman—foratthattimeGermanswerestillmoral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."
Thencamethe
smekmånad
honeymoon
ofGermanphilosophy.
AlltheyoungtheologiansoftheTubingeninstitutionwentimmediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,andstillyouthfulperiodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,themaliciousfairy,pipedandsang,whenonecouldnotyet
skilja
distinguish
between"finding"and"inventing"!
Abovealla
fakultet
faculty
forthe"transcendental";
Schellingchristenedit,
intellektuell
intellectual
intuition,andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthe
naturligt
naturally
pious-inclinedGermans.
Onecandonogreaterwrongtothewholeofthisexuberantandeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoaryand
senila
senile
conceptions),thantotakeitseriously,oreventreatitwith
moralisk
moral
indignation.
Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,andthedream
försvann
vanished
.
Atimecamewhenpeople
gnuggade
rubbed
theirforeheads,andtheystill
gnuggade
rub
themtoday.
Peoplehadbeendreaming,andfirstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansofameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,oratleastmeanttosay.
But,isthat—ananswer?
An
förklaring
explanation
?
Orisitnotrather
bara
merely
arepetitionofthequestion?
Howdoesopiuminducesleep?
"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"
nämligen
namely
thevirtusdormitiva,repliesthedoctorinMoliere,.
Butsuchrepliesbelongtothe
rike
realm
ofcomedy,anditishightimeto
ersätta
replace
theKantianquestion,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"
byanotherquestion,"Whyis
tro
belief
insuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishightimethatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeofthepreservationofcreatureslikeourselves;
thoughtheystillmight
naturligtvis
naturally
befalsejudgments!
Or,more
tydligt
plainly
spoken,androughlyandreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriorishouldnot"bepossible"atall;
wehavenorighttothem;
inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Only,ofcourse,thebeliefintheirtruthisnecessary,asplausiblebeliefandocularevidencebelongingtotheperspectiveviewoflife.
Andfinally,tocalltomindthe
enorma
enormous
influencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisnodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;
thankstoGermanphilosophy,itwasa
fröjd
delight
tothenobleidlers,the
dygdiga
virtuous
,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,andthepoliticalobscurantistsofallnations,tofindan
motgift
antidote
tothestilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromthelastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...