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Beyond Good and Evil | Progressive Translation Books for Swedish A1 Learners

Beyond Good and Evil | Progressive Translation Books for Swedish A1 Learners

Unlock the potential of this modern translation approach, designed to enhance your language learning experience. By allowing you to choose your difficulty level, it guarantees a personalized challenge that's suited to your progress. This method promotes comprehension by encouraging you to infer the meaning of new words from context, rather than relying heavily on direct translations. Though some translations are obscured to stimulate guessing, it's perfectly fine to consult a dictionary when needed. This technique combines challenge and support, making language learning fun and effective. Explore these translated classics to enjoy literature while advancing your language skills.

PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthis
en
awoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundforsuspectingthat
alla
allphilosophers,insofarasthey
har
havebeendogmatists,havefailedto
förstå
understandwomen—thattheterribleseriousness
och
andclumsyimportunitywithwhichthey
har
haveusuallypaidtheiraddressesto
Sanningen
Truth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsfor
vinna
winningawoman?
Certainlyshe
har
hasneverallowedherselftobe
vinna
won;
andatpresenteverykindofdogma
står
standswithsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,it
står
standsatall!
Fortherearescofferswhomaintainthatit
har
hasfallen,thatalldogma
ligger
liesontheground—naymore,thatitisatits
sista
lastgasp.
Buttospeakseriously,thereare
goda
goodgroundsforhopingthatalldogmatizinginphilosophy,whateversolemn,whateverconclusive
och
anddecidedairsithasassumed,
kan
mayhavebeenonlyanoblepuerilism
och
andtyronism;
andprobablythe
tid
timeisathandwhenit
kommer
willbeonceandagainunderstoodWHAT
har
hasactuallysufficedforthebasisofsuchimposing
och
andabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatists
har
havehithertoreared:
perhapssomepopularsuperstitionofimmemorial
tid
time(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheformofsubject-
och
andego-superstition,hasnotyetceased
göra
doingmischief):
perhapssomeplayuponwords,adeceptiononthepartofgrammar,
eller
oranaudaciousgeneralizationof
mycket
veryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.
Thephilosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,was
bara
onlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyinstillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhich
förmodligen
probablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,
och
andpatiencehavebeenspent
än
thanonanyactualsciencehitherto:
weowetoit,
och
andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsia
och
andEgypt,thegrandstyleofarchitecture.
Itseemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesuponthe
hjärta
heartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,
alla
allgreatthingshavefirsttowanderaboutthe
jorden
earthasenormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:
dogmaticphilosophy
har
hasbeenacaricatureof
detta
thiskind—forinstance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,
och
andPlatonisminEurope.
Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughit
måste
mustcertainlybeconfessedthattheworst,the
mest
mosttiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeen
ett
adogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofPureSpirit
och
andtheGoodinItself.
Men
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,
när
whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,
kan
canagaindrawbreathfreely
och
andatleastenjoyahealthier—sleep,
vi
we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrength
som
whichthestruggleagainstthiserror
har
hasfostered.
Itamountedtotheveryinversionof
sanning
truth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—oflife,to
tala
speakofSpiritandthe
Goda
GoodasPlatospokeof
dem
them;
indeedonemightask,asaphysician:
"Howdid
sådan
suchamaladyattackthatfinestproductofantiquity,Plato?
Hade
HadthewickedSocratesreallycorrupted
honom
him?
WasSocratesafterall
en
acorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"
Men
ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—to
tala
speakplainer,andforthe"people"—thestruggle
mot
againsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsofChristianity
För
(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFOR
Det
THE"PEOPLE"),producedinEurope
en
amagnificenttensionofsoul,suchas
hade
hadnotexistedanywherepreviously;
med
withsuchatenselystrainedbowone
kan
cannowaimatthefurthestgoals.
As
ett
amatteroffact,theEuropean
känner
feelsthistensionasastateofdistress,
och
andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:
oncebymeansofJesuitism,
och
andthesecondtimebymeansofdemocraticenlightenment—which,
med
withtheaidoflibertyofthepress
och
andnewspaper-reading,might,infact,bringitaboutthatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!
(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcreditto
dem
them!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinventedprinting.)
Men
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,nor
ens
evensufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,
och
andfree,VERYfreespirits—wehaveit
fortfarande
still,allthedistressofspirit
och
andallthetensionofitsbow!
Och
Andperhapsalsothearrow,theduty,
och
and,whoknows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
Den
TheWilltoTruth,whichistotemptusto
många
manyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhich
alla
allphilosophershavehithertospoken
med
withrespect,whatquestionshas
denna
thisWilltoTruthnotlaidbefore
oss
us!
Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itis
redan
alreadyalongstory;
yetitseemsas
om
ifitwerehardlycommenced.
Isitanywonder
om
ifweatlastgrowdistrustful,
förlorar
losepatience,andturnimpatiently
bort
away?
ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlastto
ställa
askquestionsourselves?
WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstous
här
here?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"in
oss
us?
Infactwemadealonghaltatthe
fråga
questionastotheoriginof
denna
thisWill—untilatlastwe
kom
cametoanabsolutestandstillbeforea
ännu
yetmorefundamentalquestion.
Weinquired
om
abouttheVALUEofthisWill.
Granted
att
thatwewantthetruth:
Varför
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
Anduncertainty?
Evenignorance?
Theproblemofthevalueoftruthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwe
som
whopresentedourselvesbeforetheproblem?
WhichofusistheOedipus
här
here?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobe
ett
arendezvousofquestionsandnotesofinterrogation.
Och
Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousas
om
iftheproblemhadneverbeenpropoundedbefore,as
om
ifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,
få
getasightofit,
och
andRISKRAISINGit?
Forthereisriskinraisingit,
kanske
perhapsthereisnogreaterrisk.
2.
"HOW
Kan
COULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,
sanning
truthoutoferror?
ortheWillto
Sanning
Truthoutofthewilltodeception?
eller
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?
eller
orthepuresun-brightvisionof
den
thewisemanoutofcovetousness?
Sådan
Suchgenesisisimpossible;
whoever
drömmer
dreamsofitisafool,nay,worse
än
thanafool;
thingsofthehighestvaluemusthavea
annat
differentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—in
denna
thistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryworld,in
denna
thisturmoilofdelusionandcupidity,theycannothavetheirsource.
Men
ButratherinthelapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealed
Guden
God,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,
och
andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeof
resonera
reasoningdisclosesthetypicalprejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansof
alla
alltimescanberecognized,
detta
thismodeofvaluationisatthebackof
alla
alltheirlogicalprocedure;
through
denna
this"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"for
något
somethingthatisintheendsolemnlychristened"theTruth."
Den
Thefundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansis
Den
THEBELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.
It
aldrig
neveroccurredeventothewariestofthemtodoubt
här
hereontheverythreshold
Var
(wheredoubt,however,wasmostnecessary);
thoughthey
hade
hadmadeasolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."
Forit
kan
maybedoubted,firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;
och
andsecondly,whetherthepopularvaluations
och
andantithesesofvalueuponwhichmetaphysicianshavesettheirseal,arenot
kanske
perhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeing
förmodligen
probablymadefromsomecorner,
kanske
perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrow
ett
anexpressioncurrentamongpainters.
Inspiteof
allt
allthevaluewhichmaybelongtothe
sanna
true,thepositive,andtheunselfish,it
kan
mightbepossiblethatahigher
och
andmorefundamentalvalueforlifegenerally
bör
shouldbeassignedtopretence,tothewilltodelusion,toselfishness,
och
andcupidity.
Itmightevenbe
möjligt
possiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofthose
goda
goodandrespectedthings,consistspreciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,
och
andcrochetedtotheseevil
och
andapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeingessentiallyidentical
med
withthem.
Perhaps!
Butwho
vill
wishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
Forthatinvestigationonemustawaittheadventofa
ny
neworderofphilosophers,suchas
kommer
willhaveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"in
varje
everysenseoftheterm.
Och
Andtospeakinallseriousness,I
ser
seesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.
3.
Having
hållit
keptasharpeyeonphilosophers,
och
andhavingreadbetweentheirlines
länge
longenough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreater
delen
partofconsciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,
och
anditissoeveninthecaseofphilosophicalthinking;
man
onehasheretolearnanew,as
man
onelearnedanewaboutheredity
och
and"innateness."
Aslittleas
det
theactofbirthcomesintoconsiderationin
det
thewholeprocessandprocedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDto
det
theinstinctiveinanydecisivesense;
den
thegreaterpartoftheconsciousthinkingof
en
aphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,
och
andforcedintodefinitechannels.
Och
Andbehindalllogicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,
eller
ortospeakmoreplainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceof
ett
adefinitemodeoflifeForexample,thatthecertainisworth
mer
morethantheuncertain,thatillusionislessvaluable
än
than"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportancefor
Oss
US,mightnotwithstandingbeonlysuperficialvaluations,
speciella
specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.
Supposing,ineffect,
att
thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessof
en
anopinionisnotforus
någon
anyobjectiontoit:
itis
här
here,perhaps,thatournewlanguagesounds
mest
moststrangely.
Thequestionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,
kanske
perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(to
vilka
whichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),arethe
mest
mostindispensabletous,that
utan
withoutarecognitionoflogicalfictions,
utan
withoutacomparisonofreality
med
withthepurelyIMAGINEDworldoftheabsolute
och
andimmutable,withoutaconstantcounterfeitingofthe
världen
worldbymeansofnumbers,
människan
mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.
TORECOGNISEUNTRUTHAS
En
ACONDITIONOFLIFE;
thatiscertainlytoimpugnthetraditionalideasofvalueinadangerousmanner,
och
andaphilosophywhichventuresto
göra
doso,hastherebyalone
placerat
placeditselfbeyondgoodandevil.
5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfully
och
andhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscovery
hur
howinnocenttheyare—howoften
och
andeasilytheymakemistakes
och
andlosetheirway,inshort,
hur
howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnot
tillräckligt
enoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereasthey
alla
allraisealoudandvirtuousoutcry
när
whentheproblemoftruthfulnessis
även
evenhintedatintheremotestmanner.
They
alla
allposeasthoughtheir
verkliga
realopinionshadbeendiscovered
och
andattainedthroughtheself-evolvingof
en
acold,pure,divinelyindifferentdialectic
I
(incontrasttoallsortsofmystics,who,fairer
och
andfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,in
själva verket
fact,aprejudicedproposition,idea,
eller
or"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart'sdesireabstracted
och
andrefined,isdefendedbythem
med
withargumentssoughtoutaftertheevent.
Theyare
alla
alladvocateswhodonot
vill
wishtoberegardedassuch,generallyastutedefenders,
också
also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—and
Mycket
VERYfarfromhavingtheconsciencewhichbravelyadmits
detta
thistoitself,veryfarfrom
ha
havingthegoodtasteofthecouragewhich
går
goessofarasto
låta
letthisbeunderstood,perhapstowarn
vän
friendorfoe,orincheerfulconfidence
och
andself-ridicule.
ThespectacleoftheTartufferyof
gamla
oldKant,equallystiffanddecent,
med
withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewho
finner
findnosmallamusementinspying
ut
outthesubtletricksof
gamla
oldmoralistsandethicalpreachers.
Eller
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematicalform,bymeansofwhichSpinoza
har
has,asitwere,cladhisphilosophyinmail
och
andmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"totranslatethetermfairly
och
andsquarely—inordertherebytostriketerroratonceintothe
hjärtat
heartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocast
en
aglanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—how
mycket
muchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoes
denna
thismasqueradeofasicklyreclusebetray!
6.
It
har
hasgraduallybecomecleartomewhat
varje
everygreatphilosophyuptillnow
har
hasconsistedof—namely,theconfessionofitsoriginator,
och
andaspeciesofinvoluntary
och
andunconsciousauto-biography;
andmoreover
att
thatthemoral(orimmoral)purposein
varje
everyphilosophyhasconstitutedthe
sanna
truevitalgermoutofwhichtheentireplant
har
hasalwaysgrown.
Indeed,to
förstå
understandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsof
en
aphilosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itis
alltid
alwayswell(andwise)to
först
firstaskoneself:
"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Accordingly,Idonot
tror
believethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthe
fader
fatherofphilosophy;
butthatanotherimpulse,
här
hereaselsewhere,hasonlymade
använt
useofknowledge(andmistakenknowledge!)
as
ett
aninstrument.
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofman
med
withaviewtodetermininghowfarthey
kan
mayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENII
Eller
(orasdemonsandcobolds),
kommer
willfindthattheyhave
alla
allpracticedphilosophyatonetime
eller
oranother,andthateachoneofthem
kommer
wouldhavebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfastheultimateendofexistence
och
andthelegitimateLORDover
alla
alltheotherimpulses.
For
varje
everyimpulseisimperious,andas
Sådan
SUCH,attemptstophilosophize.
Tobe
visst
sure,inthecaseofscholars,inthecaseof
riktigt
reallyscientificmen,itmaybeotherwise—"better,"
om
ifyouwill;
therethere
kan
mayreallybesucha
sak
thingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindof
liten
small,independentclock-work,which,when
väl
wellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,
Utan
WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulses
tar
takinganymaterialparttherein.
Theactual"interests"ofthescholar,therefore,aregenerallyin
helt
quiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,
kanske
perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;
it
är
is,infact,almostindifferentatwhatpointofresearchhis
lilla
littlemachineisplaced,andwhetherthehopeful
unga
youngworkerbecomesagoodphilologist,
en
amushroomspecialist,orachemist;
heisnotCHARACTERISEDby
bli
becomingthisorthat.
Inthephilosopher,onthecontrary,thereisabsolutely
inget
nothingimpersonal;
andaboveall,hismoralityfurnishes
ett
adecidedanddecisivetestimonyasto
Vem
WHOHEIS,—thatisto
säga
say,inwhatorderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnature
står
standtoeachother.
7.
Hur
Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!
I
känner
knowofnothingmorestinging
än
thanthejokeEpicurustook
det
thelibertyofmakingonPlato
och
andthePlatonists;
hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,
och
andonthefaceofit,the
ordet
wordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessories
och
andlick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisas
mycket
muchastosay,"Theyare
alla
allACTORS,thereisnothinggenuine
om
aboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopular
namn
nameforanactor).
Andthelatterisreallythemalignantreproach
som
thatEpicuruscastuponPlato:
hewasannoyedby
det
thegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenestyleofwhichPlato
och
andhisscholarsweremasters—ofwhichEpicuruswasnot
en
amaster!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,who
satt
satconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,
och
andwrotethreehundredbooks,
kanske
perhapsoutofrageandambitiousenvyofPlato,who
vet
knows!
Greecetookahundredyearstofindout
vem
whothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereis
en
apointineveryphilosophyatwhichthe"conviction"ofthephilosopherappearsonthescene;
eller
or,toputitinthewordsof
ett
anancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
Youdesireto
Leva
LIVE"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,younobleStoics,whatfraudofwords!
Imaginetoyourselves
en
abeinglikeNature,boundlesslyextravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,
utan
withoutpurposeorconsideration,withoutpity
eller
orjustice,atoncefruitful
och
andbarrenanduncertain:
imaginetoyourselvesINDIFFERENCEas
en
apower—howCOULDyouliveinaccordance
med
withsuchindifference?
Tolive—isnotthat
bara
justendeavouringtobeotherwise
än
thanthisNature?
Isnot
leva
livingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobe
annorlunda
different?
Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"
betyder
meansactuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—how
kunna
couldyoudoDIFFERENTLY?
Whyshouldyou
göra
makeaprincipleoutofwhatyouyourselves
är
are,andmustbe?
Inreality,however,itis
helt
quiteotherwisewithyou:
whileyoupretendto
läsa
readwithrapturethecanonofyourlawinNature,you
vill
wantsomethingquitethecontrary,youextraordinarystage-players
och
andself-deluders!
Inyourprideyou
vill
wishtodictateyourmorals
och
andidealstoNature,toNatureherself,
och
andtoincorporatethemtherein;
youinsistthatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"
och
andwouldlikeeverythingtobemade
efter
afteryourownimage,as
en
avast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!
Med
Withallyourlovefor
sanningen
truth,youhaveforcedyourselvesso
länge
long,sopersistently,andwith
sådan
suchhypnoticrigiditytoseeNatureFALSELY,thatisto
säga
say,Stoically,thatyouare
inte
nolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andtocrown
allt
all,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamite
hopp
hopethatBECAUSEyouare
kan
abletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Nature
kommer
willalsoallowherselftobetyrannized
över
over:
isnottheStoic
en
aPARTofNature?...
But
här
thisisanoldandeverlasting
berättelse
story:
whathappenedinoldtimes
med
withtheStoicsstillhappens
idag
today,assoonasever
en
aphilosophybeginstobelieveinitself.
It
alltid
alwayscreatestheworldinits
egen
ownimage;
itcannotdootherwise;
philosophyis
denna
thistyrannicalimpulseitself,the
mest
mostspiritualWilltoPower,
den
thewillto"creationof
den
theworld,"thewillto
den
thecausaprima.
10.
Theeagerness
och
andsubtlety,Ishouldeven
säga
saycraftiness,withwhichtheproblemof"the
verkliga
realandtheapparentworld"isdealt
med
withatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthought
och
andattention;
andhewho
hör
hearsonlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,
och
andnothingelse,cannotcertainlyboastofthesharpestears.
Inrare
och
andisolatedcases,itmay
verkligen
reallyhavehappenedthatsuch
en
aWilltoTruth—acertainextravagant
och
andadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionoftheforlornhope—hasparticipatedtherein:
thatwhichin
det
theendalwaysprefersahandfulof"certainty"to
en
awholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;
det
theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsofconscience,
som
whoprefertoputtheir
sista
lasttrustinasurenothing,rather
än
thaninanuncertainsomething.
Men
ButthatisNihilism,andthesignof
en
adespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearing
sådan
suchavirtuemaydisplay.
Itseems,however,tobeotherwise
med
withstrongerandlivelierthinkers
som
whoarestilleagerforlife.
Inthattheyside
Emot
AGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthecredibilityoftheir
egna
ownbodiesaboutaslowasthecredibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearth
står
standsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowing
med
withcomplacencytheirsecurestpossessiontoescape
För
(forwhatdoesoneatpresent
tror
believeinmorefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—who
vet
knowsiftheyarenot
verkligen
reallytryingtowinback
något
somethingwhichwasformerlyan
ännu
evensecurerpossession,somethingofthe
gamla
olddomainofthefaithofformertimes,
kanske
perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"the
gamla
oldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichthey
kunde
couldlivebetter,thatistosay,
mer
morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,
än
thanby"modernideas"?
ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthismodeof
se
lookingatthings,adisbeliefin
allt
allthathasbeenconstructedyesterday
och
andtoday;
thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatiety
och
andscorn,whichcannolongerenduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthe
mest
mostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;
en
adisgustofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleyness
och
andpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereis
något
nothingeithernewortrue,except
denna
thismotleyness.
Thereinitseemstomethatwe
borde
shouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realists
och
andknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;
theirinstinct,
som
whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...
whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcern
oss
us!
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOTthatthey
vill
wishtogo"back,"butthatthey
vill
wishtogetAWAYtherefrom.
A
lite
littleMOREstrength,swing,courage,
och
andartisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnot
tillbaka
back!
11.
Itseemstomethatthereiseverywhere
ett
anattemptatpresenttodivertattentionfromtheactualinfluencewhichKantexercisedonGermanphilosophy,
och
andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.
Kantwas
först
firstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
med
withitinhishandhe
sa
said:
"Thisisthemostdifficultthing
som
thatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."
Låt
Letusonlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!
Hewasproudof
ha
havingDISCOVEREDanewfacultyin
människan
man,thefacultyofsyntheticjudgment
en
apriori.
Grantingthathedeceivedhimselfin
här
thismatter;
thedevelopmentandrapidflourishingofGermanphilosophydependedneverthelessonhispride,
och
andontheeagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationtodiscoverif
möjligt
possiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—of
som
whichtobestillprouder!—But
låt
letusreflectforamoment—itis
hög
hightimetodoso.
"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kant
frågar
askshimself—andwhatisreallyhis
svar
answer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotin
fem
fivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,
och
andwithsuchdisplayofGermanprofundity
och
andverbalflourishes,thatonealtogether
förlorar
losessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchan
svar
answer.
Peoplewerebesidethemselveswithdelight
över
overthisnewfaculty,and
den
thejubilationreacheditsclimax
när
whenKantfurtherdiscoveredamoralfacultyinman—foratthat
tiden
timeGermanswerestillmoral,not
ännu
yetdabblinginthe"Politicsof
hårda
hardfact."
ThencamethehoneymoonofGermanphilosophy.
Alla
Alltheyoungtheologiansof
de
theTubingeninstitutionwentimmediatelyinto
de
thegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."
Och
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,
och
andstillyouthfulperiodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,themaliciousfairy,piped
och
andsang,whenonecouldnot
ännu
yetdistinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!
Above
allt
allafacultyforthe"transcendental";
Schellingchristenedit,intellectualintuition,
och
andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthenaturallypious-inclinedGermans.
Man
Onecandonogreater
orätt
wrongtothewholeof
denna
thisexuberantandeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoary
och
andsenileconceptions),thanto
ta
takeitseriously,oreventreatit
med
withmoralindignation.
Enough,however—the
världen
worldgrewolder,andthe
drömmen
dreamvanished.
Atimecamewhen
folk
peoplerubbedtheirforeheads,andthey
fortfarande
stillrubthemtoday.
People
hade
hadbeendreaming,andfirst
och
andforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansof
ett
ameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,
eller
oratleastmeantto
säga
say.
But,isthat—ananswer?
En
Anexplanation?
Orisitnotrathermerely
en
arepetitionofthequestion?
Hur
Howdoesopiuminducesleep?
"Bymeansof
ett
ameans(faculty),"namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthedoctorinMoliere,.
Men
Butsuchrepliesbelongtotherealmofcomedy,
och
anditishightimetoreplacetheKantianquestion,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"
byanother
fråga
question,"Whyisbeliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itis
hög
hightimethatweshould
förstår
understandthatsuchjudgmentsmustbe
tro
believedtobetrue,forthesakeofthepreservationofcreatureslikeourselves;
thoughthey
fortfarande
stillmightnaturallybefalsejudgments!
Eller
Or,moreplainlyspoken,androughly
och
andreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriori
borde
shouldnot"bepossible"atall;
we
har
havenorighttothem;
inourmouthstheyare
inget
nothingbutfalsejudgments.
Only,ofcourse,
den
thebeliefintheirtruthisnecessary,asplausiblebelief
och
andocularevidencebelongingto
den
theperspectiveviewoflife.
Och
Andfinally,tocalltomindtheenormousinfluencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—I
hoppas
hopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthe
hela
wholeofEurope,thereisnodoubtthat
en
acertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhad
en
ashareinit;
thankstoGermanphilosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,
och
andthepoliticalobscurantistsof
alla
allnations,tofindanantidotetothe
fortfarande
stilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromthe
förra
lastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...