Notes from the Underground | Gradually Hardening Spanish A1 Translation Books

Notes from the Underground | Gradually Hardening Spanish A1 Translation Books

Unlock the potential of this modern translation approach, designed to enhance your language learning experience. By allowing you to choose your difficulty level, it guarantees a personalized challenge that's suited to your progress. This method promotes comprehension by encouraging you to infer the meaning of new words from context, rather than relying heavily on direct translations. Though some translations are obscured to stimulate guessing, it's perfectly fine to consult a dictionary when needed. This technique combines challenge and support, making language learning fun and effective. Explore these translated classics to enjoy literature while advancing your language skills.

I
Iama
enfermo
sick
man....
Iamaspiteful
hombre
man
.
Iamanunattractive
hombre
man
.
Ibelievemyliverisdiseased.
However,I
know
nothingatallaboutmydisease,
y
and
donotknowforcertainwhatailsme.
Idon’tconsult
un
a
doctorforit,and
nunca
never
have,thoughIhave
un
a
respectformedicineanddoctors.
Besides,Iamextremelysuperstitious,sufficientlysotorespectmedicine,
de todos modos
anyway
(Iamwell-educatedenoughnottobesuperstitious,
pero
but
Iamsuperstitious).
No,Irefusetoconsult
un
a
doctorfromspite.
Thatyou
probablemente
probably
willnotunderstand.
Well,I
entiendo
understand
it,though.
Ofcourse,Ican’texplain
quién
who
itispreciselythatIammortifyingin
este
this
casebymyspite:
IamperfectlywellawarethatIcannot“payout”
los
the
doctorsbynotconsultingthem;
I
know
betterthananyonethatby
todo
all
thisIamonlyinjuringmyself
y
and
nooneelse.
Butstill,
si
if
Idon’tconsulta
médico
doctor
itisfromspite.
Myliveris
mal
bad
,well—letitgetworse!
I
he
have
beengoingonlike
eso
that
foralongtime—twentyyears.
Ahora
Now
Iamforty.
Iusedtobein
el
the
governmentservice,butam
no
no
longer.
Iwasaspitefulofficial.
Iwasrude
y
and
tookpleasureinbeingso.
Ididnottakebribes,yousee,soIwasboundto
encontrar
find
arecompenseinthat,at
menos
least
.
(Apoorjest,butI
voy
will
notscratchitout.
I
escribí
wrote
itthinkingitwould
sonaría
sound
verywitty;
butnowthatI
he
have
seenmyselfthatI
sólo
only
wantedtoshowoffin
una
a
despicableway,Iwillnotscratchitoutonpurpose!)
Cuando
When
petitionersusedtocomeforinformationtothetableatwhichI
sentaba
sat
,Iusedtogrindmyteethatthem,
y
and
feltintenseenjoymentwhenIsucceededin
hacer
making
anybodyunhappy.
Ialmost
hice
did
succeed.
Forthemost
parte
part
theywerealltimidpeople—of
supuesto
course
,theywerepetitioners.
Butof
los
the
uppishonestherewas
un
one
officerinparticularI
podía
could
notendure.
Hesimplywouldnotbehumble,
y
and
clankedhisswordin
una
a
disgustingway.
Icarriedon
una
a
feudwithhimforeighteenmonthsover
esa
that
sword.
AtlastIgotthebetterof
lo
him
.
Heleftoffclankingit.
Eso
That
happenedinmyyouth,though.
Pero
But
doyouknow,gentlemen,whatwas
el
the
chiefpointaboutmyspite?
Why,the
todo
whole
point,therealstingofitlayinthe
hecho
fact
thatcontinually,eveninthemomentoftheacutestspleen,Iwasinwardlyconscious
con
with
shamethatIwasnot
sólo
only
notaspitefulbutnotevenanembittered
hombre
man
,thatIwassimplyscaringsparrowsatrandom
y
and
amusingmyselfbyit.
I
puede
might
foamatthemouth,
pero
but
bringmeadollto
jugar
play
with,givemeacupoftea
con
with
sugarinit,and
tal vez
maybe
Ishouldbeappeased.
I
podría
might
evenbegenuinelytouched,
aunque
though
probablyIshouldgrindmyteethatmyselfafterwards
y
and
lieawakeatnight
con
with
shameformonthsafter.
Ese
That
wasmyway.
Iwas
mintiendo
lying
whenIsaidjustnowthatIwas
un
a
spitefulofficial.
Iwas
mintiendo
lying
fromspite.
Iwassimplyamusingmyself
con
with
thepetitionersandwiththeofficer,
y
and
inrealityInever
podría
could
becomespiteful.
Iwasconscious
cada
every
momentinmyselfof
muchos
many
,verymanyelementsabsolutelyoppositeto
eso
that
.
Ifeltthempositivelyswarmingin
me
,theseoppositeelements.
I
sabía
knew
thattheyhadbeenswarminginme
toda
all
mylifeandcravingsomeoutletfrom
me
,butIwouldnot
dejaba
let
them,wouldnotletthem,purposelywouldnot
dejaba
let
themcomeout.
TheytormentedmetillIwasashamed:
theydrovemetoconvulsionsand—sickened
me
me
,atlast,howtheysickened
me
me
!
Now,arenotyoufancying,gentlemen,thatIamexpressingremorsefor
algo
something
now,thatIam
pidiendo
asking
yourforgivenessforsomething?
Iam
seguro
sure
youarefancyingthat...
However,IassureyouIdonot
importa
care
ifyouare....
Itwasnot
sólo
only
thatIcouldnotbecomespiteful,Ididnot
sabía
know
howtobecomeanything;
neitherspitefulnor
amable
kind
,neitherarascalnoranhonest
hombre
man
,neitheraheronoraninsect.
Ahora
Now
,Iamlivingoutmylifeinmycorner,tauntingmyself
con
with
thespitefulanduselessconsolationthat
un
an
intelligentmancannotbecomeanythingseriously,
y
and
itisonlythefoolwho
convierte
becomes
anything.
Yes,amanin
el
the
nineteenthcenturymustandmorallyoughttobepre-eminentlyacharacterlesscreature;
a
hombre
man
ofcharacter,anactive
hombre
man
ispre-eminentlyalimitedcreature.
Esa
That
ismyconvictionoffortyyears.
Iamfortyyearsold
ahora
now
,andyouknowfortyyearsis
una
a
wholelifetime;
youknowitisextremeoldage.
To
vivir
live
longerthanfortyyearsisbadmanners,isvulgar,immoral.
Quién
Who
doeslivebeyondforty?
Responda
Answer
that,sincerelyandhonestlyIwill
diré
tell
youwhodo:
fools
y
and
worthlessfellows.
Itell
todos
all
oldmenthattotheir
cara
face
,allthesevenerableoldmen,
todos
all
thesesilver-hairedandreverendseniors!
I
digo
tell
thewholeworldthattoits
cara
face
!
Ihavearighttosayso,forIshallgoon
viviendo
living
tosixtymyself.
Toseventy!
Toeighty!
Quédate
Stay
,letmetakebreath...
Youimagine
no
no
doubt,gentlemen,thatI
quiero
want
toamuseyou.
Youaremistakenin
eso
that
,too.
Iamby
no
no
meanssuchamirthful
persona
person
asyouimagine,orasyou
puede
may
imagine;
however,irritatedby
toda
all
thisbabble(andI
siento
feel
thatyouareirritated)you
crees
think
fittoaskme
quién
who
Iam—thenmyanswer
es
is
,Iamacollegiateassessor.
Iwasin
el
the
servicethatImight
tener
have
somethingtoeat(andsolelyfor
esa
that
reason),andwhenlast
año
year
adistantrelationleftme
seis
six
thousandroublesinhiswillIimmediatelyretiredfrom
el
the
serviceandsettleddowninmycorner.
Iusedto
vivir
live
inthiscornerbefore,
pero
but
nowIhavesettleddowninit.
My
habitación
room
isawretched,horridoneintheoutskirtsofthe
ciudad
town
.
Myservantisanoldcountry-woman,ill-naturedfromstupidity,
y
and
,moreover,thereisalwaysanastysmell
sobre
about
her.
Iamtoldthat
el
the
Petersburgclimateisbadforme,
y
and
thatwithmysmallmeansitis
muy
very
expensivetoliveinPetersburg.
I
know
allthatbetterthanall
estos
these
sageandexperiencedcounsellors
y
and
monitors....
ButIamremaininginPetersburg;
Iamnot
voy
going
awayfromPetersburg!
Iamnot
voy
going
awaybecause...
ech!
Por qué
Why
,itisabsolutelyno
importa
matter
whetherIamgoingaway
o
or
notgoingaway.
Butwhat
puede
can
adecentmanspeakof
con
with
mostpleasure?
Answer:
Ofhimself.
II
I
quiero
want
nowtotellyou,gentlemen,whetheryou
importe
care
tohearitornot,
por qué
why
Icouldnotevenbecome
un
an
insect.
Itellyousolemnly,thatI
he
have
manytimestriedtobecome
un
an
insect.
ButIwasnotequal
siquiera
even
tothat.
Iswear,gentlemen,thattobe
demasiado
too
consciousisanillness—arealthorough-goingillness.
Forman’severydayneeds,itwould
tener
have
beenquiteenoughto
tener
have
theordinaryhumanconsciousness,that
es
is
,halforaquarteroftheamountwhich
cae
falls
tothelotofacultivated
hombre
man
ofourunhappynineteenthcentury,especiallyonewhohasthefatalill-lucktoinhabitPetersburg,the
más
most
theoreticalandintentionaltownonthe
todo
whole
terrestrialglobe.
(Thereareintentionalandunintentionaltowns.)
It
sido
would
havebeenquiteenough,forinstance,to
tener
have
theconsciousnessbywhich
todas
all
so-calleddirectpersonsandmenofaction
viven
live
.
IbetyouthinkIam
escribiendo
writing
allthisfromaffectation,tobewittyat
los
the
expenseofmenofaction;
y
and
whatismore,thatfromill-bredaffectation,Iamclanking
una
a
swordlikemyofficer.
Pero
But
,gentlemen,whoevercanpridehimselfonhisdiseasesand
incluso
even
swaggeroverthem?
Though,after
todo
all
,everyonedoesdothat;
gente
people
dopridethemselvesontheirdiseases,
y
and
Ido,maybe,
más
more
thananyone.
Wewillnotdisputeit;
mycontentionwasabsurd.
Pero
But
yetIamfirmlypersuadedthat
una
a
greatdealofconsciousness,every
tipo
sort
ofconsciousness,infact,is
una
a
disease.
Istickto
eso
that
.
Letusleavethat,
también
too
,foraminute.
Tellme
esto
this
:
whydoesithappenthatat
los
the
very,yes,attheverymomentswhenIam
más
most
capableoffeelingeveryrefinementof
todo
all
thatis“sublimeandbeautiful,”astheyusedto
decir
say
atonetime,itwould,asthoughofdesign,happentomenot
sólo
only
tofeelbutto
hacer
do
suchuglythings,suchthat...
Well,inshort,actionsthat
todos
all
,perhaps,commit;
butwhich,asthoughpurposely,occurredtomeat
el
the
verytimewhenIwas
más
most
consciousthattheyoughtnottobecommitted.
La
The
moreconsciousIwasofgoodness
y
and
ofallthatwas“sublime
y
and
beautiful,”themoredeeplyIsankintomymire
y
and
themorereadyIwastosinkinitaltogether.
But
el
the
chiefpointwasthat
todo
all
thiswas,asitwere,notaccidentalin
me
,butasthoughitwereboundtobeso.
Itwasasthoughitweremy
más
most
normalcondition,andnotintheleastdisease
o
or
depravity,sothatat
fin
last
alldesireinmetostruggle
contra
against
thisdepravitypassed.
Itendedbymy
casi
almost
believing(perhapsactuallybelieving)that
esta
this
wasperhapsmynormalcondition.
Pero
But
atfirst,inthebeginning,whatagoniesIenduredin
esa
that
struggle!
Ididnot
creía
believe
itwasthesame
con
with
otherpeople,andallmy
vida
life
Ihidthisfact
sobre
about
myselfasasecret.
Iwasashamed(even
ahora
now
,perhaps,Iamashamed):
Igotto
la
the
pointoffeelinga
especie
sort
ofsecretabnormal,despicableenjoymentin
regresar
returning
hometomycorneronsomedisgustingPetersburg
noche
night
,acutelyconsciousthatthat
día
day
Ihadcommittedaloathsomeaction
de nuevo
again
,thatwhatwasdone
podría
could
neverbeundone,andsecretly,inwardlygnawing,gnawingatmyselfforit,tearing
y
and
consumingmyselftillat
fin
last
thebitternessturnedintoa
especie
sort
ofshamefulaccursedsweetness,
y
and
atlast—intopositiverealenjoyment!
Yes
,intoenjoyment,intoenjoyment!
Iinsistupon
eso
that
.
Ihavespokenof
esto
this
becauseIkeepwantingto
saber
know
forafactwhetherother
personas
people
feelsuchenjoyment?
Iwillexplain;
theenjoymentwas
sólo
just
fromthetoointenseconsciousnessofone’sowndegradation;
itwasfrom
sentirse
feeling
oneselfthatonehadreached
la
the
lastbarrier,thatitwashorrible,
pero
but
thatitcouldnotbeotherwise;
thattherewas
no
no
escapeforyou;
thatyou
nunca
never
couldbecomeadifferent
hombre
man
;
thateveniftime
y
and
faithwerestillleftyouto
cambiar
change
intosomethingdifferentyouwould
más
most
likelynotwishto
cambiar
change
;
orifyoudidwishto,
incluso
even
thenyouwoulddo
nada
nothing
;
becauseperhapsinrealitytherewas
nada
nothing
foryoutochangeinto.
Y
And
theworstofitwas,
y
and
therootofit
todo
all
,thatitwasallinaccord
con
with
thenormalfundamentallawsofover-acuteconsciousness,
y
and
withtheinertiathatwasthedirectresultofthoselaws,
y
and
thatconsequentlyonewasnot
sólo
only
unabletochangebut
podía
could
doabsolutelynothing.
Thusitwould
seguiría
follow
,astheresultofacuteconsciousness,thatoneisnottoblameinbeingascoundrel;
asthough
eso
that
wereanyconsolationto
el
the
scoundreloncehehascometorealise
eso
that
heactuallyisascoundrel.
Pero
But
enough....
Ech,Ihave
hablado
talked
alotofnonsense,
pero
but
whathaveIexplained?
Cómo
How
isenjoymentinthistobeexplained?
Pero
But
Iwillexplainit.
Iwill
llegaré
get
tothebottomofit!
Eso
That
iswhyIhave
tomado
taken
upmypen....
I,forinstance,
tengo
have
agreatdealofamourpropre.
Iamassuspicious
y
and
pronetotakeoffenceasahumpback
o
or
adwarf.
Butuponmy
palabra
word
Isometimeshavehadmomentswhen
si
if
Ihadhappenedtobeslappedinthe
cara
face
Ishould,perhaps,havebeenpositivelygladofit.
I
digo
say
,inearnest,thatIshould
probablemente
probably
havebeenabletodiscover
incluso
even
inthatapeculiar
tipo
sort
ofenjoyment—theenjoyment,of
supuesto
course
,ofdespair;
butindespair
hay
there
arethemostintenseenjoyments,especially
cuando
when
oneisveryacutelyconsciousofthehopelessnessofone’sposition.
Y
And
whenoneisslappedin
la
the
face—whythentheconsciousnessofbeingrubbedintoapulpwouldpositivelyoverwhelmone.
El
The
worstofitis,lookatitwhich
manera
way
onewill,itstillturnsoutthatIwas
siempre
always
themosttoblamein
todo
everything
.
Andwhatismosthumiliatingof
todo
all
,toblamefornofaultofmyown
sino
but
,sotosay,throughthelawsofnature.
In
las
the
firstplace,toblame
porque
because
Iamclevererthananyof
las
the
peoplesurroundingme.
(I
he
have
alwaysconsideredmyselfclevererthananyof
las
the
peoplesurroundingme,andsometimes,wouldyou
creerías
believe
it,havebeenpositivelyashamedofit.
At
cualquier
any
rate,Ihaveallmy
vida
life
,asitwere,turnedmyeyesaway
y
and
nevercouldlookpeoplestraightinthe
cara
face.)
Toblame,finally,because
incluso
even
ifIhadhadmagnanimity,Ishould
sólo
only
havehadmoresufferingfrom
la
the
senseofitsuselessness.
Ishouldcertainly
habría
have
neverbeenableto
hacer
do
anythingfrombeingmagnanimous—neithertoforgive,formyassailantwould
tal vez
perhaps
haveslappedmefromthelawsofnature,
y
and
onecannotforgivethelawsofnature;
norto
olvidar
forget
,forevenifitwereowingtothelawsofnature,itisinsulting
todos
all
thesame.
Finally,evenifIhadwantedtobeanythingbutmagnanimous,haddesiredon
el
the
contrarytorevengemyselfonmyassailant,Icouldnothaverevengedmyselfon
cualquier
any
oneforanythingbecauseIshouldcertainly
nunca
never
havemadeupmymindto
hacer
do
anything,evenifIhadbeenableto.
Por qué
Why
shouldInothavemadeupmymind?
III
Con
With
peoplewhoknowhowtorevengethemselves
y
and
tostandupforthemselvesingeneral,
cómo
how
isitdone?
Why,
cuando
when
theyarepossessed,letussuppose,by
el
the
feelingofrevenge,thenfor
el
the
timethereisnothingelsebut
ese
that
feelingleftintheir
todo
whole
being.
Suchagentlemansimplydashesstraightforhisobject
como
like
aninfuriatedbullwithitshornsdown,
y
and
nothingbutawallwill
detendrá
stop
him.
(Bytheway:
facingthewall,suchgentlemen—that
es
is
,the“direct”personsandmenofaction—aregenuinelynonplussed.
Forthemawallisnotanevasion,asforuspeoplewho
pensamos
think
andconsequentlydonothing;
itisnotan
excusa
excuse
forturningaside,an
excusa
excuse
forwhichweare
siempre
always
veryglad,thoughwescarcely
creemos
believe
initourselves,asarule.
No
No
,theyarenonplussedin
toda
all
sincerity.
Thewallhasforthem
algo
something
tranquillising,morallysoothing,final—maybe
incluso
even
somethingmysterious...
butof
la
the
walllater.)
Well,such
una
a
directpersonIregardasthe
verdadero
real
normalman,ashistender
madre
mother
naturewishedtoseehim
cuando
when
shegraciouslybroughthimintobeingonthe
tierra
earth
.
Ienvysucha
hombre
man
tillIamgreenin
la
the
face.
Heisstupid.
Iamnotdisputing
eso
that
,butperhapsthenormal
hombre
man
shouldbestupid,howdoyou
sabes
know
?
Perhapsitisvery
hermoso
beautiful
,infact.
AndIamthe
más
more
persuadedofthatsuspicion,
si
if
onecancallitso,bythe
hecho
fact
thatifyoutake,forinstance,theantithesisofthenormal
hombre
man
,thatis,themanofacuteconsciousness,who
ha
has
come,ofcourse,notoutofthelapofnaturebutoutofaretort(thisis
casi
almost
mysticism,gentlemen,butIsuspectthis,too),thisretort-made
hombre
man
issometimessononplussedinthepresenceofhisantithesis
esa
that
withallhisexaggeratedconsciousnesshegenuinely
piensa
thinks
ofhimselfasamouse
y
and
notaman.
It
puede
may
beanacutelyconsciousmouse,yetitisamouse,while
el
the
otherisaman,
y
and
therefore,etcaetera,etcaetera.
Y
And
theworstofit
es
is
,hehimself,hisvery
propio
own
self,looksonhimselfas
un
a
mouse;
nooneaskshimto
haga
do
so;
andthatis
un
an
importantpoint.
Nowletuslookat
este
this
mouseinaction.
Letussuppose,forinstance,thatit
siente
feels
insulted,too(andit
casi
almost
alwaysdoesfeelinsulted),
y
and
wantstorevengeitself,
también
too
.
Theremayevenbe
una
a
greateraccumulationofspiteinitthaninl’hommedelanatureetdelavérité.
Thebase
y
and
nastydesiretovent
ese
that
spiteonitsassailantrankles
tal vez
perhaps
evenmorenastilyinit
de
than
inl’hommedelanatureetdelavérité.
For
a través de
through
hisinnatestupiditythelatterlooksuponhisrevengeasjusticepure
y
and
simple;
whileinconsequenceofhisacuteconsciousnessthemousedoesnot
cree
believe
inthejusticeofit.
To
llegar
come
atlasttothedeeditself,tothe
mismo
very
actofrevenge.
Apartfromtheonefundamentalnastinessthelucklessmousesucceedsincreating
alrededor
around
itsomanyothernastinessesintheformofdoubts
y
and
questions,addstotheone
pregunta
question
somanyunsettledquestionsthatthereinevitablyworksup
alrededor
around
itasortoffatalbrew,astinkingmess,madeupofitsdoubts,emotions,
y
and
ofthecontemptspatuponitbythedirectmenofactionwho
paran
stand
solemnlyaboutitasjudges
y
and
arbitrators,laughingatittilltheirhealthysidesache.
Of
supuesto
course
theonlythingleftforitistodismiss
todo
all
thatwithawaveofitspaw,
y
and
,withasmileofassumedcontemptinwhichitdoesnot
siquiera
even
itselfbelieve,creepignominiouslyintoitsmouse-hole.
Allí
There
initsnasty,stinking,underground
hogar
home
ourinsulted,crushedandridiculedmousepromptlybecomesabsorbedin
frío
cold
,malignantand,aboveall,everlastingspite.
Forfortyyears
juntos
together
itwillrememberitsinjurydownto
los
the
smallest,mostignominiousdetails,
y
and
everytimewilladd,ofitself,detailsstillmoreignominious,spitefullyteasing
y
and
tormentingitselfwithitsownimagination.
Itwillitselfbeashamedofitsimaginings,
pero
but
yetitwillrecallit
todo
all
,itwillgoover
y
and
overeverydetail,itwillinventunheardofthings
contra
against
itself,pretendingthatthosethings
podrían
might
happen,andwillforgive
nada
nothing
.
Maybeitwillbegintorevengeitself,
también
too
,but,asitwere,piecemeal,intrivialways,frombehindthestove,incognito,
sin
without
believingeitherinits
propio
own
righttovengeance,orinthesuccessofitsrevenge,
sabiendo
knowing
thatfromallitseffortsatrevengeitwillsufferahundredtimes
más
more
thanheonwhomitrevengesitself,while
él
he
,Idaresay,willnot
siquiera
even
scratchhimself.
Onitsdeathbeditwillrecallitallover
de nuevo
again
,withinterestaccumulatedoverall
los
the
yearsand...
Butitis
justo
just
inthatcold,abominable
mitad
half
despair,halfbelief,inthatconsciousburyingoneself
vivo
alive
forgriefintheunderworldforfortyyears,inthatacutelyrecognised
y
and
yetpartlydoubtfulhopelessnessofone’sposition,inthat
infierno
hell
ofunsatisfieddesiresturnedinward,inthatfeverofoscillations,ofresolutionsdeterminedforever
y
and
repentedofagaina
minuto
minute
later—thatthesavourofthatstrangeenjoymentofwhichI
he
have
spokenlies.
Itissosubtle,sodifficultofanalysis,that
personas
persons
whoarealittlelimited,
o
or
evensimplypersonsofstrongnerves,willnot
entenderán
understand
asingleatomofit.
“Possibly,”youwilladdonyour
tenido
own
accountwithagrin,“peoplewillnot
entenderá
understand
iteitherwhohave
nunca
never
receivedaslapin
la
the
face,”andinthat
manera
way
youwillpolitelyhinttome
esa
that
I,too,perhaps,havehad
la
the
experienceofaslapin
la
the
faceinmylife,
y
and
soIspeakasonewho
sabe
knows
.
Ibetthatyouare
pensando
thinking
that.
Butsetyourmindsatrest,gentlemen,I
he
have
notreceivedaslapin
la
the
face,thoughitisabsolutely
una
a
matterofindifferencetomewhatyou
puede
may
thinkaboutit.
Possibly,I
incluso
even
regret,myself,thatI
haber
have
givensofewslapsin
la
the
faceduringmylife.
Pero
But
enough...
notanother
palabra
word
onthatsubjectof
tan
such
extremeinteresttoyou.
Iwillcontinuecalmlyconcerning
personas
persons
withstrongnerveswhodonot
entienden
understand
acertainrefinementofenjoyment.
Aunque
Though
incertaincircumstancesthesegentlemenbellowtheirloudestlikebulls,
aunque
though
this,letussuppose,
hace
does
themthegreatestcredit,yet,asI
he
have
saidalready,confrontedwiththeimpossibletheysubsideat
inmediato
once
.
Theimpossiblemeansthestonewall!
Whatstonewall?
Why,of
supuesto
course
,thelawsofnature,thedeductionsofnaturalscience,mathematics.