Beyond Good and Evil Gradually Hardening Russian A2

PREFACE

SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?

Istherenotgroundforsuspectingthatallphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtounderstandwomen—thattheterribleseriousnessandclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhave

обычно

usuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinningawoman?

Конечно

Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;

andatpresenteverykindofdogmastandswithsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!

Fortherearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,thatalldogmaliesontheground—naymore,thatitisatitslastgasp.

Buttospeak

всерьез

seriously,therearegoodgroundsforhopingthatalldogmatizinginphilosophy,whateversolemn,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,mayhavebeenonlyanoblepuerilismandtyronism;

andprobablythetimeisathandwhenitwillbeonceandagainunderstoodWHAThasactuallysufficedforthebasisofsuchimposingandabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistshavehithertoreared:

perhapssomepopularsuperstitionofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheformofsubject-

andego-superstition,hasnotyetceaseddoingmischief):

perhapssomeplayuponwords,adeceptiononthepartofgrammar,oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.

Thephilosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,wasonlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyinstillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhichprobablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,andpatiencehavebeenspentthanonanyactualsciencehitherto:

обязаны

owetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,the

грандиозный

grandstyleofarchitecture.

Itseemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesupontheheartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,allgreatthingshavefirsttowanderabouttheearthasenormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:

dogmaticphilosophyhasbeenacaricatureofthiskind—forinstance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,andPlatonisminEurope.

Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughitmust

безусловно

certainlybeconfessedthattheworst,themosttiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenadogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.

Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,canagaindrawbreathfreelyandatleast

наслаждаться

enjoyahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthestruggleagainstthiserrorhasfostered.

Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—oflife,tospeakofSpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;

indeedonemightask,asaphysician:

"Howdidsuchamalady

напасть

attackthatfinestproductofantiquity,Plato?

HadthewickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?

WasSocratesafterallacorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"

ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,andforthe"people"—thestruggleagainsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsofChristianity(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),producedinEuropeamagnificenttensionof

души

soul,suchashadnotexisted

нигде

anywherepreviously;

withsuchatenselystrainedbowonecannowaimatthefurthestgoals.

Asamatteroffact,theEuropeanfeelsthistensionasa

состояние

stateofdistress,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:

oncebymeansofJesuitism,andthesecondtimebymeansofdemocraticenlightenment—which,withtheaidoflibertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,might,infact,bringitaboutthatthe

дух

spiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!

(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcredittothem!

buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinventedprinting.)

Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,norevensufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,andfree,VERYfreespirits—wehaveitstill,allthedistressofspiritandallthetensionofitsbow!

Andperhapsalsothearrow,the

долг

duty,and,whoknows?

THEGOALTOAIMAT....

CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS

TheWilltoTruth,whichistotemptustomanyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhichallphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshasthisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeus!

Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!

Itisalreadyalongstory;

yetitseemsasifitwerehardlycommenced.

Isitanywonderifweatlastgrowdistrustful,losepatience,andturnimpatientlyaway?

ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlasttoaskquestionsourselves?

WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstoushere?

WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?

InfactwemadealonghaltatthequestionastotheoriginofthisWill—untilatlastwecametoanabsolutestandstillbeforeayetmorefundamentalquestion.

WeinquiredabouttheVALUEofthisWill.

Grantedthatwewantthetruth:

WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?

Anduncertainty?

Evenignorance?

Theproblemofthevalueoftruthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewhopresentedourselvesbeforetheproblem?

WhichofusistheOedipushere?

WhichtheSphinx?

Itwould

похоже

seemtobearendezvousofquestionsandnotesofinterrogation.

Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousasiftheproblemhadneverbeenpropoundedbefore,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,andRISKRAISINGit?

Forthereis

риск

riskinraisingit,perhapsthereisnogreater

риск

risk.

"HOWCOULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?

Forexample,truthoutoferror?

ortheWilltoTruthoutofthewilltodeception?

orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?

orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewisemanoutofcovetousness?

Suchgenesisisimpossible;

whoeverdreamsofitisafool,nay,

хуже

worsethanafool;

thingsofthehighestvaluemusthaveadifferentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inthistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryworld,inthisturmoilofdelusionandcupidity,theycannothavetheirsource.

But

скорее

ratherinthelapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealedGod,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeofreasoningdisclosesthetypicalprejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofalltimescanberecognized,thismodeofvaluationisatthebackofalltheirlogicalprocedure;

throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forsomethingthatisintheendsolemnlychristened"theTruth."

ThefundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansisTHEBELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.

Itneveroccurredeventothewariestofthemto

сомневаться

doubthereontheverythreshold(where

сомневаться

doubt,however,wasmostnecessary);

thoughtheyhadmadeasolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."

Foritmaybedoubted,firstly,

ли

whetherantithesesexistatall;

andsecondly,

ли

whetherthepopularvaluationsandantithesesofvalueuponwhichmetaphysicianshavesettheirseal,arenotperhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomecorner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowanexpressioncurrentamongpainters.

Inspiteofallthevaluewhichmaybelongtothetrue,thepositive,andtheunselfish,itmightbepossiblethatahigherandmorefundamentalvalueforlifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothewilltodelusion,toselfishness,andcupidity.

ItmightevenbepossiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofthosegoodandrespectedthings,consistspreciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,andcrochetedtotheseevilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeingessentiallyidenticalwiththem.

Perhaps!

Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!

Forthatinvestigationonemustawaittheadventofaneworderofphilosophers,suchaswillhaveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseoftheterm.

Andtospeakinallseriousness,Iseesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.

Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,andhavingreadbetweentheirlineslongenough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreaterpartofconsciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,anditissoeveninthecaseofphilosophicalthinking;

onehashereto

учиться

learnanew,asonelearnedanewaboutheredityand"innateness."

Aslittleasthe

акт

actofbirthcomesintoconsiderationinthewholeprocessandprocedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinanydecisive

смысле

sense;

thegreaterpartoftheconsciousthinkingofaphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,andforcedintodefinitechannels.

Andbehindalllogicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,ortospeakmoreplainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceofadefinitemodeoflifeForexample,thatthecertainis

стоит

worthmorethantheuncertain,thatillusionis

менее

lessvaluablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforUS,mightnotwithstandingbeonlysuperficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.

Supposing,ineffect,thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."

Thefalsenessofanopinionisnotforusanyobjectiontoit:

itishere,perhaps,thatournew

язык

languagesoundsmoststrangely.

Thequestionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),arethemostindispensabletous,thatwithoutarecognitionoflogicalfictions,withoutacomparisonofrealitywiththepurelyIMAGINEDworldoftheabsoluteandimmutable,withoutaconstantcounterfeitingoftheworldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.

TORECOGNISEUNTRUTHASACONDITIONOFLIFE;

thatis

безусловно

certainlytoimpugnthetraditionalideasofvalueinadangerousmanner,andaphilosophywhichventurestodoso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyondgoodand

зла

evil.

Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscoveryhowinnocenttheyare—how

часто

oftenandeasilytheymakemistakesandlosetheirway,inshort,howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnotenoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereastheyallraisealoudandvirtuousoutcrywhentheproblemoftruthfulnessisevenhintedatintheremotestmanner.

Theyallposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredandattainedthroughtheself-evolvingofacold,pure,divinelyindifferentdialectic(incontrasttoallsortsofmystics,who,fairerandfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,infact,aprejudicedproposition,idea,or"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart'sdesireabstractedandrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutaftertheevent.

Theyarealladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingtheconsciencewhichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegoodtasteofthecouragewhichgoessofarastoletthisbeunderstood,perhapstowarnfriendorfoe,orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.

ThespectacleoftheTartufferyofoldKant,equallystiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthat

ведут

lead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousones

улыбаться

smile,wewhofindnosmallamusementinspyingoutthesubtletricksofoldmoralistsandethicalpreachers.

Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematicalform,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhisphilosophyinmailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"totranslatethetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebytostriketerroratonceintotheheartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocastaglanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofasicklyreclusebetray!

Ithasgraduallybecomecleartomewhateverygreatphilosophyuptillnowhasconsistedof—namely,theconfessionofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofinvoluntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;

andmoreoverthatthemoral(orimmoral)purposeineveryphilosophyhasconstitutedthetruevitalgermoutofwhichtheentireplanthasalwaysgrown.

Indeed,tounderstandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofaphilosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itisalwayswell(andwise)tofirstaskoneself:

"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"

Accordingly,Idonotbelievethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthefatherofphilosophy;

butthatanotherimpulse,hereaselsewhere,hasonlymadeuseofknowledge(andmistakenknowledge!)

asaninstrument.

ButwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofmanwithaviewtodetermininghowfartheymayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENII(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfindthattheyhaveallpracticedphilosophyatonetimeoranother,andthateachoneofthemwouldhavebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfastheultimateendofexistenceandthelegitimateLORDoveralltheotherimpulses.

Foreveryimpulseisimperious,andasSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.

Tobesure,inthecaseofscholars,inthecaseofreallyscientificmen,itmaybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;

theretheremayreallybesuchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindofsmall,independentclock-work,which,whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialparttherein.

Theactual"interests"ofthescholar,therefore,aregenerallyinquiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;

itis,infact,almostindifferentatwhatpointofresearchhislittle

машина

machineisplaced,andwhetherthehopefulyoungworkerbecomesagoodphilologist,amushroomspecialist,orachemist;

heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecomingthisorthat.

Inthephilosopher,onthecontrary,thereis

абсолютно

absolutelynothingimpersonal;

andaboveall,hismoralityfurnishesadecidedanddecisivetestimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhatorderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnaturestandtoeachother.

Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!

Iknowofnothingmorestingingthanthe

шутка

jokeEpicurustookthelibertyofmakingonPlatoandthePlatonists;

hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.

Initsoriginal

смысле

sense,andonthefaceofit,thewordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesandlick-spittles;

помимо

besidesthis,however,itisasmuchastosay,"TheyareallACTORS,thereisnothinggenuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopularnameforanactor).

AndthelatterisreallythemalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:

hewasannoyedbythegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenestyleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofwhichEpicuruswasnotamaster!

He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,perhapsoutofrageandambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!

Greecetooka

сто

hundredyearstofindoutwhothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.

Didsheeverfindout?

Thereisapointineveryphilosophyatwhichthe"conviction"ofthephilosopherappearsonthescene;

or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.

Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.

YoudesiretoLIVE"accordingtoNature"?

Oh,younobleStoics,whatfraudofwords!

ImaginetoyourselvesabeinglikeNature,boundlesslyextravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurposeorconsideration,withoutpityorjustice,atoncefruitfulandbarrenanduncertain:

imaginetoyourselvesINDIFFERENCEasapower—howCOULDyouliveinaccordancewithsuchindifference?

Tolive—isnotthatjustendeavouringtobeotherwisethanthis

Природа

Nature?

Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?

Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"living

соответствии

accordingtoNature,"meansactuallythesameas"living

соответствии

accordingtolife"—howcouldyoudoDIFFERENTLY?

Whyshouldyoumakeaprincipleoutofwhatyouyourselvesare,andmustbe?

Inreality,however,itisquiteotherwisewithyou:

whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethecanonofyourlawinNature,youwantsomethingquitethecontrary,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!

InyourprideyouwishtodictateyourmoralsandidealstoNature,toNatureherself,andtoincorporatethemtherein;

youinsistthatitshallbe

Природа

Nature"accordingtotheStoa,"andwouldlikeeverythingtobemadeafteryourownimage,asavast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!

Withallyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvessolong,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytosee

Природа

NatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,thatyouarenolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andtocrownall,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamitehopethatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:

isnottheStoicaPARTofNature?...

Butthisisanoldandeverlastingstory:

whathappenedinoldtimeswiththeStoicsstillhappenstoday,assoonaseveraphilosophybeginstobelieveinitself.

Italwayscreatestheworldinitsownimage;

itcannotdo

иначе

otherwise;

philosophyisthistyrannicalimpulseitself,themostspiritualWilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausaprima.

10.

Theeagernessandsubtlety,Ishouldevensaycraftiness,withwhichtheproblemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthoughtandattention;

andhewhohearsonlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,andnothingelse,cannotcertainlyboastofthesharpestears.

Inrareandisolatedcases,itmayreallyhavehappenedthatsuchaWilltoTruth—acertainextravagantandadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionoftheforlornhope—hasparticipatedtherein:

thatwhichintheendalwaysprefersahandfulof"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;

theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsofconscience,whoprefertoputtheirlasttrustinasurenothing,ratherthaninanuncertainsomething.

ButthatisNihilism,andthesignofadespairing,mortallywearied

души

soul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingsuchavirtuemaydisplay.

Itseems,however,tobeotherwisewithstrongerandlivelierthinkerswhoarestilleagerforlife.

InthattheysideAGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthecredibilityoftheirownbodiesaboutaslowasthecredibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurestpossessionto

убежать

escape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinmorefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsiftheyarenotreallytryingtowinbacksomethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurerpossession,somethingoftheolddomainofthefaithofformertimes,perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichtheycouldlivebetter,thatistosay,morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?

ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthismodeoflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallthathasbeenconstructedyesterdayandtoday;

thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatietyandscorn,whichcannolongerenduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthemostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthe

рынок

market;

adisgustofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessandpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisnothingeithernewortrue,

кроме

exceptthismotleyness.

Thereinitseemstomethatweshouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsandknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;

theirinstinct,whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...

whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!

ThemainthingaboutthemisNOTthattheywishtogo"back,"butthattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.

AlittleMOREstrength,swing,courage,andartisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!

11.

Itseemstomethatthereis

повсюду

everywhereanattemptatpresenttodivert

внимание

attentionfromtheactualinfluencewhichKantexercisedonGermanphilosophy,and

особенно

especiallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.

KantwasfirstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;

withitinhishandhesaid:

"Thisisthemostdifficultthingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."

Letusonlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!

HewasproudofhavingDISCOVEREDanewfacultyinman,thefacultyofsyntheticjudgmentapriori.

Grantingthathedeceivedhimselfinthismatter;

thedevelopmentandrapidflourishingofGermanphilosophydependedneverthelessonhispride,andontheeagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationtodiscoverifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso.

"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"

Kantaskshimself—andwhatisreallyhisanswer?

"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotinfivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuchdisplayofGermanprofundityandverbalflourishes,thatonealtogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchananswer.

Peoplewerebesidethemselveswithdelightoverthisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreacheditsclimaxwhenKantfurtherdiscoveredamoralfacultyinman—foratthattimeGermanswerestillmoral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."

ThencamethehoneymoonofGermanphilosophy.

AlltheyoungtheologiansoftheTubingeninstitutionwent

немедленно

immediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."

Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,andstillyouthfulperiodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,themaliciousfairy,pipedandsang,whenonecouldnotyetdistinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!

Aboveallafacultyforthe"transcendental";

Schellingchristenedit,intellectualintuition,andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthenaturallypious-inclinedGermans.

Onecandonogreaterwrongtothewholeofthisexuberantandeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoaryandsenileconceptions),thantotakeit

всерьез

seriously,oreventreatitwithmoralindignation.

Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,andthedreamvanished.

Atimecamewhenpeoplerubbedtheirforeheads,andtheystillrubthemtoday.

Peoplehadbeendreaming,andfirstandforemost—oldKant.

"Bymeansofameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,oratleastmeanttosay.

But,isthat—ananswer?

Anexplanation?

Orisitnotrathermerelyarepetitionofthequestion?

Howdoesopiuminducesleep?

"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthedoctorinMoliere,.

Butsuchrepliesbelongtotherealmofcomedy,anditishightimetoreplacetheKantianquestion,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"

byanotherquestion,"Whyisbeliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishightimethatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthe

ради

sakeofthepreservationofcreatureslikeourselves;

thoughtheystillmightnaturallybefalsejudgments!

Or,moreplainlyspoken,androughlyandreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriorishouldnot"bepossible"atall;

wehavenorighttothem;

inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.

Only,ofcourse,thebeliefintheirtruthisnecessary,asplausiblebeliefandocular

доказательства

evidencebelongingtotheperspectiveviewoflife.

And

наконец

finally,tocalltomindtheenormousinfluencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisnodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;

thankstoGermanphilosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,andthepoliticalobscurantistsofallnations,tofindanantidotetothestilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromthelastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...

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