Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Portuguese B2 Books

Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Portuguese B2 Books

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PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundforsuspectingthatallphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtounderstandwomen—thattheterrible
seriedade
seriousness
andclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhaveusuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinningawoman?
Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;
andatpresenteverykindofdogmastandswithsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!
Fortherearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,thatalldogmaliesontheground—naymore,thatitisatitslast
suspiro
gasp
.
Buttospeakseriously,therearegoodgroundsforhopingthatalldogmatizingin
filosofia
philosophy
,whateversolemn,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,mayhavebeenonlya
nobre
noble
puerilismandtyronism;
andprobablythetimeisathandwhenitwillbeonceandagainunderstoodWHAThasactuallysufficedforthe
base
basis
ofsuchimposingandabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistshavehithertoreared:
perhapssomepopular
superstição
superstition
ofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheformofsubject-
andego-superstition,hasnotyetceaseddoingmischief):
perhapssomeplayuponwords,a
engano
deception
onthepartof
gramática
grammar
,oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.
The
filosofia
philosophy
ofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,wasonlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswas
astrologia
astrology
instillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhichprobablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,and
paciência
patience
havebeenspentthanonany
real
actual
sciencehitherto:
weowetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,thegrandstyleof
arquitetura
architecture
.
Itseemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesupontheheartof
humanidade
humanity
witheverlastingclaims,allgreatthingshavefirstto
vaguear
wander
abouttheearthasenormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:
dogmatic
filosofia
philosophy
hasbeenacaricatureofthiskind—for
exemplo
instance
,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,andPlatonisminEurope.
Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughitmustcertainlybe
confessado
confessed
thattheworst,themost
cansativo
tiresome
,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenadogmatisterror—namely,Plato's
invenção
invention
ofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,canagaindrawbreath
livremente
freely
andatleastenjoyahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthestruggleagainstthis
erro
error
hasfostered.
Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,andthe
negação
denial
ofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—oflife,tospeakofSpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;
indeedonemightask,asa
médico
physician
:
"Howdidsuchamaladyattackthatfinestproductofantiquity,Plato?
Hadthe
perverso
wicked
Socratesreallycorruptedhim?
WasSocratesafterallacorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"
ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,andforthe"people"—thestruggleagainsttheecclesiastical
opressão
oppression
ofmillenniumsofChristianity(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),
produziu
produced
inEuropeamagnificent
tensão
tension
ofsoul,suchashadnotexistedanywhere
anteriormente
previously
;
withsuchatenselystrainedbowonecannowaimatthefurthestgoals.
Asamatteroffact,the
Europeu
European
feelsthistensionasastateof
angústia
distress
,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:
oncebymeansofJesuitism,andthesecondtimebymeansof
democrático
democratic
enlightenment—which,withtheaidof
liberdade
liberty
ofthepressandnewspaper-reading,might,infact,bringitaboutthatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!
(TheGermans
inventaram
invented
gunpowder—allcredittothem!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—they
inventaram
invented
printing.)
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,noreven
suficientemente
sufficiently
Germans,weGOODEUROPEANS,andfree,VERYfreespirits—wehaveitstill,allthe
angústia
distress
ofspiritandallthe
tensão
tension
ofitsbow!
Andperhapsalsothe
flecha
arrow
,theduty,and,whoknows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
Capítulo
CHAPTER
I.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
TheWilltoTruth,whichisto
tentará
tempt
ustomanyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhichallphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshasthisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeus!
Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itisalreadyalongstory;
yetitseemsasifitwerehardly
começou
commenced
.
Isitanywonderifweatlastgrowdistrustful,lose
paciência
patience
,andturnimpatientlyaway?
ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlasttoaskquestionsourselves?
WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstoushere?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?
Infactwemadealong
parada
halt
atthequestionastothe
origem
origin
ofthisWill—untilatlastwecametoanabsolutestandstillbeforeayetmore
fundamental
fundamental
question.
WeinquiredabouttheVALUEofthisWill.
Grantedthatwewantthetruth:
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
And
incerteza
uncertainty
?
Evenignorance?
Theproblemofthevalueoftruthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewhopresentedourselvesbeforetheproblem?
WhichofusistheOedipushere?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobea
encontro
rendezvous
ofquestionsandnotesof
interrogatório
interrogation
.
Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousasiftheproblemhadneverbeenpropoundedbefore,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,andRISKRAISINGit?
Forthereisriskinraisingit,perhapsthereisnogreaterrisk.
2.
"HOWCOULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,truthoutof
erro
error
?
ortheWilltoTruthoutofthewillto
engano
deception
?
orthegenerousdeedoutof
egoísmo
selfishness
?
orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewisemanoutofcovetousness?
Such
gênese
genesis
isimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitisafool,nay,worsethanafool;
thingsofthehighestvaluemusthaveadifferentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inthistransitory,
sedutor
seductive
,illusory,paltryworld,inthis
tumulto
turmoil
ofdelusionandcupidity,theycannothavetheirsource.
Butratherinthe
colo
lap
ofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealedGod,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,andnowhereelse!"—This
modo
mode
ofreasoningdisclosesthe
típico
typical
prejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofalltimescanberecognized,this
modo
mode
ofvaluationisatthebackofalltheir
lógico
logical
procedure;
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forsomethingthatisintheend
solenemente
solemnly
christened"theTruth."
The
fundamental
fundamental
beliefofmetaphysiciansisTHE
Crença
BELIEF
INANTITHESESOFVALUES.
Itnever
ocorreu
occurred
eventothewariestofthemtodoubthereonthevery
limiar
threshold
(wheredoubt,however,wasmostnecessary);
thoughtheyhadmadea
solene
solemn
vow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."
Foritmaybedoubted,
em primeiro lugar
firstly
,whetherantithesesexistatall;
andsecondly,whetherthepopularvaluationsandantithesesofvalueuponwhichmetaphysicianshavesettheir
selo
seal
,arenotperhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,
meramente
merely
provisionalperspectives,besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomecorner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowan
expressão
expression
currentamongpainters.
In
apesar
spite
ofallthevaluewhichmaybelongtothetrue,thepositive,andtheunselfish,itmightbepossiblethatahigherandmore
fundamental
fundamental
valueforlifegenerallyshouldbe
atribuído
assigned
topretence,tothewillto
ilusão
delusion
,toselfishness,andcupidity.
ItmightevenbepossiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofthosegoodandrespectedthings,consists
precisamente
precisely
intheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,andcrochetedtotheseevilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeing
essencialmente
essentially
identicalwiththem.
Perhaps!
Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
Forthatinvestigationonemust
aguardar
await
theadventofaneworderofphilosophers,suchaswillhaveothertastesandinclinations,the
inverso
reverse
ofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseoftheterm.
Andtospeakinall
seriedade
seriousness
,Iseesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.
3.
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,andhavingreadbetweentheirlineslongenough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreaterpartof
consciente
conscious
thinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,anditissoeveninthecaseof
filosófico
philosophical
thinking;
onehasheretolearnanew,asonelearnedanewaboutheredityand"innateness."
Aslittleastheactofbirthcomesinto
consideração
consideration
inthewholeprocessandprocedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinany
decisivo
decisive
sense;
thegreaterpartofthe
consciente
conscious
thinkingofaphilosopheris
secretamente
secretly
influencedbyhisinstincts,andforcedintodefinitechannels.
Andbehindall
lógica
logic
anditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,ortospeakmore
claramente
plainly
,physiologicaldemands,forthe
manutenção
maintenance
ofadefinitemodeoflifeForexample,thatthecertainisworthmorethanthe
incerto
uncertain
,thatillusionislessvaluablethan"truth"suchvaluations,in
apesar
spite
oftheirregulativeimportanceforUS,mightnotwithstandingbeonlysuperficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthe
manutenção
maintenance
ofbeingssuchasourselves.
Supposing,ineffect,thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessofanopinionisnotforusany
objeção
objection
toit:
itishere,perhaps,thatournewlanguagesoundsmost
estranhamente
strangely
.
Thequestionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,perhapsspecies-rearing,andweare
fundamentalmente
fundamentally
inclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),arethemostindispensabletous,thatwithouta
reconhecimento
recognition
oflogicalfictions,withouta
comparação
comparison
ofrealitywiththe
puramente
purely
IMAGINEDworldofthe
absoluto
absolute
andimmutable,withouta
constante
constant
counterfeitingoftheworldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.
TO
Reconhecer
RECOGNISE
UNTRUTHASACONDITIONOFLIFE;
thatiscertainlytoimpugnthetraditionalideasofvalueinadangerous
maneira
manner
,andaphilosophywhich
aventura
ventures
todoso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyondgoodandevil.
5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeated
descoberta
discovery
howinnocenttheyare—howoftenandeasilytheymakemistakesandlosetheirway,inshort,howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnotenoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereastheyallraisealoudand
virtuoso
virtuous
outcrywhentheproblemoftruthfulnessisevenhintedatintheremotestmanner.
Theyallposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredandattainedthroughtheself-evolvingofacold,pure,divinely
indiferente
indifferent
dialectic(incontrasttoallsortsofmystics,who,fairerandfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,infact,aprejudiced
proposição
proposition
,idea,or"suggestion,"whichis
geralmente
generally
theirheart'sdesireabstractedandrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutaftertheevent.
Theyarealladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,
geralmente
generally
astutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingthe
consciência
conscience
whichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegoodtasteofthecouragewhichgoessofarastoletthisbeunderstood,perhapstowarnfriendor
inimigo
foe
,orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.
The
espetáculo
spectacle
oftheTartufferyofoldKant,
igualmente
equally
stiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(more
corretamente
correctly
mislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewhofindnosmallamusementinspyingoutthesubtletricksofoldmoralistsandethicalpreachers.
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusin
matemática
mathematical
form,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhis
filosofia
philosophy
inmailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"to
traduzir
translate
thetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebytostrike
terror
terror
atonceintotheheartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocasta
olhar
glance
onthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofasicklyrecluse
trai
betray
!
6.
Ithasgraduallybecomecleartomewhateverygreat
filosofia
philosophy
uptillnowhasconsistedof—namely,the
confissão
confession
ofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofinvoluntaryand
inconsciente
unconscious
auto-biography;
andmoreoverthatthe
moral
moral
(orimmoral)purposeinevery
filosofia
philosophy
hasconstitutedthetrue
vital
vital
germoutofwhichtheentireplanthasalwaysgrown.
Indeed,tounderstandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofa
filósofo
philosopher
havebeenarrivedat,itisalwayswell(andwise)tofirstaskoneself:
"What
moralidade
morality
dothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Consequentemente
Accordingly
,Idonotbelievethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthefatherof
filosofia
philosophy
;
butthatanotherimpulse,hereaselsewhere,hasonlymadeuseofknowledge(andmistakenknowledge!)
asan
instrumento
instrument
.
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofmanwithaviewto
determinar
determining
howfartheymayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENII(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfindthattheyhaveallpracticed
filosofia
philosophy
atonetimeoranother,andthateachoneofthemwouldhavebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfastheultimateendof
existência
existence
andthelegitimateLORDoveralltheotherimpulses.
Forevery
impulso
impulse
isimperious,andasSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.
Tobesure,inthecaseofscholars,inthecaseofreallyscientificmen,itmaybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;
theretheremayreallybesuchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindofsmall,
independente
independent
clock-work,which,whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialparttherein.
Theactual"interests"ofthe
estudioso
scholar
,therefore,aregenerallyinquiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;
itis,infact,almost
indiferente
indifferent
atwhatpointofresearchhislittlemachineisplaced,andwhetherthe
esperançoso
hopeful
youngworkerbecomesagoodphilologist,amushroom
especialista
specialist
,orachemist;
heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecomingthisorthat.
Inthe
filósofo
philosopher
,onthecontrary,thereisabsolutelynothingimpersonal;
andaboveall,his
moralidade
morality
furnishesadecidedand
decisivo
decisive
testimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhatorderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnaturestandtoeachother.
7.
Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!
IknowofnothingmorestingingthanthejokeEpicurustookthe
liberdade
liberty
ofmakingonPlatoandthePlatonists;
hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,andonthefaceofit,thewordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesandlick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisasmuchastosay,"TheyareallACTORS,thereisnothing
genuíno
genuine
aboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopularnameforanactor).
Andthe
último
latter
isreallythemalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:
hewas
irritado
annoyed
bythegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenestyleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofwhichEpicuruswasnotamaster!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,perhapsoutof
raiva
rage
andambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!
Greecetookahundredyearstofindoutwhothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereisapointinevery
filosofia
philosophy
atwhichthe"conviction"ofthe
filósofo
philosopher
appearsonthescene;
or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
YoudesiretoLIVE"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,younobleStoics,what
fraude
fraud
ofwords!
ImaginetoyourselvesabeinglikeNature,boundlessly
extravagante
extravagant
,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurposeor
consideração
consideration
,withoutpityorjustice,atoncefruitfuland
estéril
barren
anduncertain:
imaginetoyourselves
Indiferença
INDIFFERENCE
asapower—howCOULDyoulivein
acordo
accordance
withsuchindifference?
Tolive—isnotthatjustendeavouringtobeotherwisethanthisNature?
Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,being
injusto
unjust
,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
Andgrantedthatyour
imperativo
imperative
,"livingaccordingtoNature,"meansactuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—howcouldyoudo
Diferente
DIFFERENTLY
?
Whyshouldyoumakea
princípio
principle
outofwhatyouyourselvesare,andmustbe?
Inreality,however,itisquiteotherwisewithyou:
whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethe
cânone
canon
ofyourlawinNature,youwantsomethingquitethe
contrário
contrary
,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!
Inyourprideyouwishto
ditar
dictate
yourmoralsandidealstoNature,toNatureherself,andtoincorporatethemtherein;
you
insiste
insist
thatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"andwouldlikeeverythingtobemadeafteryourownimage,asa
vasta
vast
,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!
Withallyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvessolong,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoseeNatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,thatyouarenolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andto
coroar
crown
all,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamitehopethatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:
isnottheStoicaPARTofNature?...
Butthisisanoldand
eterna
everlasting
story:
whathappenedinoldtimeswiththeStoicsstillhappenstoday,assoonasevera
filosofia
philosophy
beginstobelieveinitself.
Italwayscreatestheworldinitsownimage;
itcannotdootherwise;
filosofia
philosophy
isthistyrannicalimpulseitself,themost
espiritual
spiritual
WilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausaprima.
10.
Theeagernessandsubtlety,Ishouldevensaycraftiness,withwhichtheproblemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthoughtandattention;
andhewhohearsonlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,andnothingelse,cannotcertainlyboastofthesharpestears.
Inrareandisolatedcases,itmayreallyhavehappenedthatsuchaWilltoTruth—acertain
extravagante
extravagant
andadventurouspluck,ametaphysician's
ambição
ambition
oftheforlornhope—hasparticipatedtherein:
thatwhichintheendalwaysprefersa
punhado
handful
of"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;
theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsof
consciência
conscience
,whoprefertoputtheirlasttrustinasurenothing,ratherthaninan
incerto
uncertain
something.
ButthatisNihilism,andthesignofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingsucha
virtude
virtue
maydisplay.
Itseems,however,tobeotherwisewithstrongerandlivelierthinkerswhoarestilleagerforlife.
InthattheysideAGAINST
aparência
appearance
,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthatthey
classificam
rank
thecredibilityoftheirownbodiesaboutaslowasthe
credibilidade
credibility
oftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurest
posse
possession
toescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinmore
firmemente
firmly
thaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsiftheyarenotreallytryingtowinbacksomethingwhichwas
anteriormente
formerly
anevensecurerpossession,somethingoftheold
domínio
domain
ofthefaithofformertimes,perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichtheycouldlivebetter,thatistosay,morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?
ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthis
modo
mode
oflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallthathasbeen
construído
constructed
yesterdayandtoday;
thereisperhapssome
ligeira
slight
admixtureofsatietyand
desprezo
scorn
,whichcannolonger
suportar
endure
theBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthemostvaried
origem
origin
,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;
a
desgosto
disgust
ofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessandpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisnothingeithernewortrue,exceptthismotleyness.
Thereinitseemstomethatweshouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsandknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;
their
instinto
instinct
,whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...
whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOTthattheywishtogo"back,"butthattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.
AlittleMOREstrength,swing,courage,and
artístico
artistic
power,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!
11.
Itseemstomethatthereiseverywhereanattemptatpresentto
desviar
divert
attentionfromtheactual
influência
influence
whichKantexercisedonGerman
filosofia
philosophy
,andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.
KantwasfirstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
withitinhishandhesaid:
"Thisisthemostdifficultthingthatcouldeverbeundertakenon
nome
behalf
ofmetaphysics."
Letusonlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!
Hewasproudofhaving
Descoberto
DISCOVERED
anewfacultyinman,the
faculdade
faculty
ofsyntheticjudgmentapriori.
Grantingthathe
enganou
deceived
himselfinthismatter;
the
desenvolvimento
development
andrapidflourishingofGerman
filosofia
philosophy
dependedneverthelessonhispride,andontheeagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationto
descobrir
discover
ifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso.
"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatisreallyhisanswer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotinfivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuch
exibição
display
ofGermanprofundityand
verbal
verbal
flourishes,thatonealtogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchananswer.
Peoplewerebesidethemselveswith
prazer
delight
overthisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreachedits
clímax
climax
whenKantfurtherdiscovereda
moral
moral
facultyinman—foratthattimeGermanswerestill
moral
moral
,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."
Thencamethe
mel
honeymoon
ofGermanphilosophy.
AlltheyoungtheologiansoftheTubingen
instituição
institution
wentimmediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,andstill
jovem
youthful
periodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,themaliciousfairy,pipedandsang,whenonecouldnotyet
distinguir
distinguish
between"finding"and"inventing"!
Abovealla
faculdade
faculty
forthe"transcendental";
Schellingchristenedit,
intelectual
intellectual
intuition,andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthe
naturalmente
naturally
pious-inclinedGermans.
Onecandonogreaterwrongtothewholeofthisexuberantand
excêntrico
eccentric
movement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatit
disfarçar
disguised
itselfsoboldly,inhoaryandsenileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,oreventreatitwith
moral
moral
indignation.
Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,andthedream
desapareceu
vanished
.
Atimecamewhenpeople
esfregam
rubbed
theirforeheads,andtheystill
esfregam
rub
themtoday.
Peoplehadbeendreaming,andfirstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansofameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,oratleastmeanttosay.
But,isthat—ananswer?
An
explicação
explanation
?
Orisitnotrather
apenas
merely
arepetitionofthequestion?
Howdoesopiuminducesleep?
"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"namelythevirtusdormitiva,
responde
replies
thedoctorinMoliere,.
Butsuchrepliesbelongtothe
reino
realm
ofcomedy,anditishightimeto
substituir
replace
theKantianquestion,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"
byanotherquestion,"Whyis
crença
belief
insuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishightimethatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeofthe
preservação
preservation
ofcreatureslikeourselves;
thoughtheystillmight
naturalmente
naturally
befalsejudgments!
Or,more
claramente
plainly
spoken,androughlyandreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriorishouldnot"bepossible"atall;
wehavenorighttothem;
inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Only,ofcourse,the
crença
belief
intheirtruthisnecessary,asplausible
crença
belief
andocularevidencebelongingtothe
perspectiva
perspective
viewoflife.
Andfinally,tocalltomindthe
enorme
enormous
influencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisnodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;
thankstoGerman
filosofia
philosophy
,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,the
virtuosos
virtuous
,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,andthepoliticalobscurantistsofallnations,tofindan
antídoto
antidote
tothestilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromthelastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...