×

Select Store

Dowload from Google Play Dowload from the App Store

Scan with Camera

Dowload via QR Code
Beyond Good and Evil | Progressively Translated Portuguese A1 Books

Beyond Good and Evil | Progressively Translated Portuguese A1 Books

Discover the advantages of this innovative translation method, designed to cater to your learning needs. You can select your preferred difficulty level, ensuring a well-balanced challenge that isn't too overwhelming. This technique sharpens your comprehension skills by encouraging you to derive meaning from context, minimizing the need for direct translations. While some words are purposefully obscured to promote contextual guessing, looking up unclear terms is always an option. With this method, language learning becomes both accessible and enjoyable, blending challenge with support. Explore translated classics and experience the excitement of learning through literature.

PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthis
uma
awoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundforsuspectingthat
todos
allphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedto
entender
understandwomen—thattheterribleseriousness
e
andclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhaveusuallypaidtheiraddressesto
Verdade
Truth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinning
uma
awoman?
Certainlyshehas
nunca
neverallowedherselftobe
ganha
won;
andatpresentevery
tipo
kindofdogmastandswithsad
e
anddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsat
todo
all!
Fortherearescofferswhomaintainthatithas
caiu
fallen,thatalldogmalieson
o
theground—naymore,thatitisatits
último
lastgasp.
Buttospeakseriously,thereare
boas
goodgroundsforhopingthat
toda
alldogmatizinginphilosophy,whateversolemn,whateverconclusive
e
anddecidedairsithasassumed,
possa
mayhavebeenonlyanoblepuerilism
e
andtyronism;
andprobablythetimeisathandwhenit
foi
willbeonceandagain
compreendido
understoodWHAThasactuallysufficedforthebasisof
tão
suchimposingandabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistshavehithertoreared:
talvez
perhapssomepopularsuperstitionofimmemorial
tempo
time(suchasthesoul-superstition,
que
which,intheformofsubject-
e
andego-superstition,hasnotyetceased
fazer
doingmischief):
perhapssomeplayuponwords,adeceptiononthe
parte
partofgrammar,oranaudaciousgeneralizationof
muito
veryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.
Thephilosophyofthedogmatists,itistobe
esperar
hoped,wasonlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyin
ainda
stillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhich
provavelmente
probablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,
e
andpatiencehavebeenspentthanon
qualquer
anyactualsciencehitherto:
weowetoit,
e
andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsia
e
andEgypt,thegrandstyleofarchitecture.
Itseemsthatin
fim
ordertoinscribethemselvesuponthe
coração
heartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,allgreatthings
têm
havefirsttowanderaboutthe
terra
earthasenormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:
dogmaticphilosophy
tem
hasbeenacaricatureofthiskind—forinstance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,
e
andPlatonisminEurope.
Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughit
deva
mustcertainlybeconfessedthattheworst,the
mais
mosttiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshitherto
tem
hasbeenadogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofPureSpirit
e
andtheGoodinItself.
Mas
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,
quando
whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,
pode
canagaindrawbreathfreely
e
andatleastenjoyahealthier—sleep,
nós
we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsof
toda
allthestrengthwhichthestruggle
contra
againstthiserrorhasfostered.
Itamountedtotheveryinversionof
verdade
truth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—of
vida
life,tospeakofSpirit
e
andtheGoodasPlatospokeof
deles
them;
indeedonemightask,asaphysician:
"Howdid
tal
suchamaladyattackthatfinestproductofantiquity,Plato?
Had
o
thewickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?
WasSocratesafter
tudo
allacorrupterofyouths,
e
anddeservedhishemlock?"
Butthestruggle
contra
againstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,
e
andforthe"people"—thestruggle
contra
againsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsofChristianity
Para
(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),producedinEurope
uma
amagnificenttensionofsoul,suchashadnotexistedanywherepreviously;
com
withsuchatenselystrainedbowone
pode
cannowaimatthefurthestgoals.
As
um
amatteroffact,theEuropean
sente
feelsthistensionasastateofdistress,
e
andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbend
o
thebow:
oncebymeansofJesuitism,
e
andthesecondtimebymeansofdemocraticenlightenment—which,
com
withtheaidoflibertyofthepress
e
andnewspaper-reading,might,infact,bringitaboutthatthespiritwouldnotsoeasily
encontrasse
finditselfin"distress"!
(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcreditto
eles
them!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinventedprinting.)
Mas
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,norevensufficientlyGermans,we
Bons
GOODEUROPEANS,andfree,VERYfreespirits—we
temos
haveitstill,allthedistressofspirit
e
andallthetensionofitsbow!
E
Andperhapsalsothearrow,theduty,
e
and,whoknows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
The
Vontade
WilltoTruth,whichistotemptusto
muitas
manyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhich
todos
allphilosophershavehithertospoken
com
withrespect,whatquestionshas
esta
thisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeus!
Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itis
já
alreadyalongstory;
yetitseemsasifitwerehardlycommenced.
Isitanywonder
se
ifweatlastgrowdistrustful,
perdemos
losepatience,andturnimpatientlyaway?
Que
ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlastto
perguntas
askquestionsourselves?
WHOisit
realmente
reallythatputsquestionstous
aqui
here?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"in
nós
us?
Infactwemadealonghaltatthe
questão
questionastotheoriginofthisWill—untilatlastwecametoanabsolutestandstillbeforea
ainda
yetmorefundamentalquestion.
Weinquired
sobre
abouttheVALUEofthisWill.
Granted
que
thatwewantthetruth:
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
E
Anduncertainty?
Evenignorance?
The
problema
problemofthevalueof
verdade
truthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewhopresentedourselvesbefore
o
theproblem?
Whichofusis
o
theOedipushere?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobe
um
arendezvousofquestionsandnotesofinterrogation.
E
Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousas
se
iftheproblemhadneverbeenpropounded
antes
before,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,
e
andRISKRAISINGit?
Forthereisriskinraising
lo
it,perhapsthereisnogreaterrisk.
2.
"HOW
Poderia
COULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,
verdade
truthoutoferror?
orthe
Vontade
WilltoTruthoutofthe
vontade
willtodeception?
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?
ou
orthepuresun-brightvisionof
a
thewisemanoutofcovetousness?
Tal
Suchgenesisisimpossible;
whoever
sonha
dreamsofitisafool,nay,worsethan
um
afool;
thingsofthehighestvalue
devem
musthaveadifferentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inthistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltry
mundo
world,inthisturmoilofdelusion
e
andcupidity,theycannothavetheirsource.
Mas
ButratherinthelapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealed
Deus
God,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,
e
andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeofreasoningdisclosesthetypicalprejudiceby
qual
whichmetaphysiciansofalltimes
podem
canberecognized,thismodeofvaluationisatthe
trás
backofalltheirlogicalprocedure;
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"for
algo
somethingthatisinthe
fim
endsolemnlychristened"theTruth."
A
Thefundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansis
A
THEBELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.
It
nunca
neveroccurredeventothewariestofthemtodoubt
aqui
hereontheverythreshold(wheredoubt,however,was
mais
mostnecessary);
thoughtheyhadmade
um
asolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."
Forit
pode
maybedoubted,firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;
e
andsecondly,whetherthepopularvaluations
e
andantithesesofvalueuponwhichmetaphysicianshavesettheirseal,arenot
talvez
perhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeing
provavelmente
probablymadefromsomecorner,
talvez
perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrow
uma
anexpressioncurrentamongpainters.
Inspiteof
todo
allthevaluewhichmaybelongtothe
verdadeiro
true,thepositive,andtheunselfish,it
pode
mightbepossiblethatahigher
e
andmorefundamentalvaluefor
vida
lifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothe
vontade
willtodelusion,toselfishness,
e
andcupidity.
Itmightevenbe
possível
possiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofthose
boas
goodandrespectedthings,consistspreciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,
e
andcrochetedtotheseevil
e
andapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeingessentiallyidenticalwiththem.
Talvez
Perhaps!
Butwhowishestoconcernhimself
com
withsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
For
que
thatinvestigationonemustawaittheadventofa
nova
neworderofphilosophers,suchaswill
terão
haveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseoftheterm.
E
Andtospeakinallseriousness,I
vejo
seesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.
3.
Tendo
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,
e
andhavingreadbetweentheirlines
tempo
longenough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreater
parte
partofconsciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,
e
anditissoeveninthe
caso
caseofphilosophicalthinking;
one
tem
hasheretolearnanew,asonelearnedanew
sobre
aboutheredityand"innateness."
As
pouco
littleastheactofbirthcomesintoconsiderationin
o
thewholeprocessandprocedureofheredity,justas
pouco
littleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDto
o
theinstinctiveinanydecisivesense;
a
thegreaterpartoftheconsciousthinkingof
um
aphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,
e
andforcedintodefinitechannels.
E
Andbehindalllogicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,
ou
ortospeakmoreplainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceof
um
adefinitemodeoflifeForexample,thatthecertainisworth
mais
morethantheuncertain,thatillusionislessvaluablethan"truth"
tais
suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportancefor
Nós
US,mightnotwithstandingbeonlysuperficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,
tais
suchasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeings
tais
suchasourselves.
Supposing,ineffect,
que
thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessof
uma
anopinionisnotforusanyobjectiontoit:
itis
aqui
here,perhaps,thatournewlanguage
soa
soundsmoststrangely.
Thequestion
é
is,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,
talvez
perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),arethe
mais
mostindispensabletous,that
sem
withoutarecognitionoflogicalfictions,
sem
withoutacomparisonofreality
com
withthepurelyIMAGINEDworldoftheabsolute
e
andimmutable,withoutaconstantcounterfeitingofthe
mundo
worldbymeansofnumbers,
homem
mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationof
vida
life,anegationoflife.
TORECOGNISEUNTRUTHAS
Uma
ACONDITIONOFLIFE;
thatiscertainlytoimpugnthetraditionalideasofvaluein
uma
adangerousmanner,andaphilosophywhichventuresto
fazê
doso,hastherebyalone
colocou
placeditselfbeyondgoodandevil.
5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfully
e
andhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscovery
quão
howinnocenttheyare—howoften
e
andeasilytheymakemistakes
e
andlosetheirway,inshort,
quão
howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnot
suficiente
enoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereasthey
todos
allraisealoudandvirtuousoutcry
quando
whentheproblemoftruthfulnessis
mesmo
evenhintedatintheremotestmanner.
They
todos
allposeasthoughtheirrealopinions
tivessem
hadbeendiscoveredandattained
através
throughtheself-evolvingofa
fria
cold,pure,divinelyindifferentdialectic(incontrastto
todos
allsortsofmystics,who,fairer
e
andfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,in
fato
fact,aprejudicedproposition,idea,
ou
or"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart'sdesireabstracted
e
andrefined,isdefendedbythem
com
withargumentssoughtoutaftertheevent.
Theyare
todos
alladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,generallyastutedefenders,
também
also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfrom
ter
havingtheconsciencewhichbravelyadmits
isso
thistoitself,veryfarfrom
ter
havingthegoodtasteofthecouragewhich
vai
goessofarasto
deixar
letthisbeunderstood,perhapstowarn
amigo
friendorfoe,orincheerfulconfidence
e
andself-ridicule.
ThespectacleoftheTartufferyof
velho
oldKant,equallystiffanddecent,
com
withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewho
encontramos
findnosmallamusementinspyingoutthesubtletricksof
velho
oldmoralistsandethicalpreachers.
Ou
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematicalform,by
dizer
meansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhisphilosophyinmail
e
andmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"totranslatethetermfairly
e
andsquarely—inordertherebytostriketerrorat
assim
onceintotheheartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocast
um
aglanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidity
e
andvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeof
um
asicklyreclusebetray!
6.
Ithasgradually
tornou
becomecleartomewhat
toda
everygreatphilosophyuptill
agora
nowhasconsistedof—namely,theconfessionofitsoriginator,
e
andaspeciesofinvoluntary
e
andunconsciousauto-biography;
andmoreoverthatthemoral(orimmoral)purposeineveryphilosophyhasconstitutedthe
verdadeiro
truevitalgermoutofwhichtheentireplanthas
sempre
alwaysgrown.
Indeed,tounderstand
como
howtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsof
um
aphilosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itis
sempre
alwayswell(andwise)to
primeiro
firstaskoneself:
"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Accordingly,Idonot
acredito
believethatan"impulsetoknowledge"is
o
thefatherofphilosophy;
but
que
thatanotherimpulse,hereaselsewhere,has
só
onlymadeuseofknowledge(andmistakenknowledge!)
as
um
aninstrument.
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesof
homem
manwithaviewtodetermininghowfarthey
podem
mayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENII
Ou
(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfind
que
thattheyhaveallpracticedphilosophyatone
momento
timeoranother,andthateachoneofthemwould
ter
havebeenonlytoogladto
olhar
lookuponitselfastheultimateendofexistence
e
andthelegitimateLORDover
todos
alltheotherimpulses.
For
cada
everyimpulseisimperious,andas
Tal
SUCH,attemptstophilosophize.
Tobe
certeza
sure,inthecaseofscholars,inthe
caso
caseofreallyscientificmen,it
pode
maybeotherwise—"better,"ifyou
quiser
will;
theretheremayreallybe
tal
suchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"some
espécie
kindofsmall,independentclock-work,which,
quando
whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothat
fim
end,WITHOUTtherestof
o
thescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterial
parte
parttherein.
Theactual"interests"of
os
thescholar,therefore,aregenerallyin
bem
quiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,
talvez
perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;
it
é
is,infact,almostindifferentatwhat
ponto
pointofresearchhislittlemachineisplaced,
e
andwhetherthehopefulyoungworker
torna
becomesagoodphilologist,amushroomspecialist,
ou
orachemist;
heisnotCHARACTERISEDby
tornar
becomingthisorthat.
Inthephilosopher,onthecontrary,thereisabsolutely
nada
nothingimpersonal;
andaboveall,hismoralityfurnishes
um
adecidedanddecisivetestimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhat
ordem
orderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnaturestandtoeach
outros
other.
7.
Howmaliciousphilosophers
podem
canbe!
Iknowof
nada
nothingmorestingingthanthejokeEpicurustookthelibertyof
fazer
makingonPlatoandthePlatonists;
he
chamou
calledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,
e
andonthefaceofit,
a
thewordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessories
e
andlick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisasmuchasto
dizer
say,"TheyareallACTORS,thereis
nada
nothinggenuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopular
nome
nameforanactor).
And
a
thelatterisreallythemalignantreproach
que
thatEpicuruscastuponPlato:
hewasannoyedbythegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenestyleof
qual
whichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—of
qual
whichEpicuruswasnota
mestre
master!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,who
sentava
satconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,
e
andwrotethreehundredbooks,
talvez
perhapsoutofrageandambitiousenvyofPlato,who
sabe
knows!
Greecetookahundredyearstofindout
quem
whothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereis
um
apointineveryphilosophyat
que
whichthe"conviction"ofthephilosopherappearsonthescene;
ou
or,toputitin
as
thewordsofanancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
Youdesireto
Viver
LIVE"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,younobleStoics,whatfraudofwords!
Imaginetoyourselves
um
abeinglikeNature,boundlesslyextravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,
sem
withoutpurposeorconsideration,withoutpity
ou
orjustice,atoncefruitful
e
andbarrenanduncertain:
imaginetoyourselvesINDIFFERENCEas
um
apower—howCOULDyouliveinaccordance
com
withsuchindifference?
Tolive—isnotthat
apenas
justendeavouringtobeotherwisethanthisNature?
Isnot
viver
livingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobe
diferente
different?
Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"
significa
meansactuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—how
poderia
couldyoudoDIFFERENTLY?
Whyshouldyou
fazer
makeaprincipleoutofwhatyouyourselves
são
are,andmustbe?
Inreality,however,itis
bem
quiteotherwisewithyou:
whileyoupretendto
ler
readwithrapturethecanonofyour
lei
lawinNature,youwant
algo
somethingquitethecontrary,youextraordinarystage-players
e
andself-deluders!
Inyourprideyou
desejam
wishtodictateyourmorals
e
andidealstoNature,toNatureherself,
e
andtoincorporatethemtherein;
youinsistthatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"
e
andwouldlikeeverythingtobe
feito
madeafteryourownimage,as
uma
avast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!
Com
Withallyourlovefor
verdade
truth,youhaveforcedyourselvesso
tempo
long,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoseeNatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,thatyouare
não
nolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andtocrownall,someunfathomablesuperciliousness
dá
givesyoutheBedlamitehopethat
Porque
BECAUSEyouareabletotyrannize
sobre
overyourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewill
também
alsoallowherselftobetyrannized
sobre
over:
isnottheStoic
uma
aPARTofNature?...
But
esta
thisisanoldandeverlasting
história
story:
whathappenedinoldtimes
com
withtheStoicsstillhappens
hoje
today,assoonasever
uma
aphilosophybeginstobelieveinitself.
It
sempre
alwayscreatestheworldinitsownimage;
itcannot
fazer
dootherwise;
philosophyisthistyrannicalimpulseitself,the
mais
mostspiritualWilltoPower,the
vontade
willto"creationoftheworld,"the
vontade
willtothecausaprima.
10.
Theeagerness
e
andsubtlety,Ishouldeven
diria
saycraftiness,withwhichthe
problema
problemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealt
com
withatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishes
alimento
foodforthoughtandattention;
e
andhewhohearsonly
uma
a"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,
e
andnothingelse,cannotcertainlyboastofthesharpestears.
Inrare
e
andisolatedcases,itmayreally
ter
havehappenedthatsucha
Vontade
WilltoTruth—acertainextravagant
e
andadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionoftheforlornhope—hasparticipatedtherein:
thatwhichinthe
final
endalwaysprefersahandfulof"certainty"to
um
awholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;
there
pode
mayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsofconscience,whopreferto
colocar
puttheirlasttrustina
certo
surenothing,ratherthaninanuncertain
algo
something.
ButthatisNihilism,
e
andthesignofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstanding
o
thecourageousbearingsuchavirtue
pode
maydisplay.
Itseems,however,tobeotherwise
com
withstrongerandlivelierthinkerswhoare
ainda
stilleagerforlife.
InthattheysideAGAINSTappearance,
e
andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthecredibilityoftheir
próprio
ownbodiesaboutaslowasthecredibilityoftheocularevidencethat"the
terra
earthstandsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowing
com
withcomplacencytheirsecurestpossessiontoescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresent
acredita
believeinmorefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—who
sabe
knowsiftheyarenot
realmente
reallytryingtowinback
algo
somethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurerpossession,
algo
somethingoftheolddomainofthefaithofformertimes,
talvez
perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichthey
poderiam
couldlivebetter,thatistosay,
mais
morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?
ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthismodeof
olhar
lookingatthings,adisbeliefin
tudo
allthathasbeenconstructedyesterday
e
andtoday;
thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatiety
e
andscorn,whichcannolongerenduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthe
mais
mostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;
um
adisgustofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleyness
e
andpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereis
nada
nothingeithernewortrue,except
essa
thismotleyness.
Thereinitseemstomethatwe
devemos
shouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realists
e
andknowledge-microscopistsofthepresent
dias
day;
theirinstinct,whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...
whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcern
nos
us!
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOT
que
thattheywishtogo"back,"
mas
butthattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.
Um
AlittleMOREstrength,swing,courage,
e
andartisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!
11.
Itseemstomethatthereiseverywhere
uma
anattemptatpresenttodivertattentionfromtheactualinfluencewhichKantexercisedonGermanphilosophy,
e
andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.
KantwasfirstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
com
withitinhishandhe
disse
said:
"Thisisthemostdifficult
coisa
thingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."
Letus
apenas
onlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!
Hewasproudof
ter
havingDISCOVEREDanewfacultyin
homem
man,thefacultyofsyntheticjudgment
uma
apriori.
Grantingthathedeceivedhimselfinthis
assunto
matter;
thedevelopmentandrapidflourishingofGermanphilosophydependedneverthelessonhispride,
e
andontheeagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationtodiscover
se
ifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobe
ainda
stillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso.
"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kant
pergunta
askshimself—andwhatisreallyhis
resposta
answer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotin
cinco
fivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,
e
andwithsuchdisplayofGermanprofundity
e
andverbalflourishes,thatonealtogether
perde
losessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchan
resposta
answer.
Peoplewerebesidethemselves
com
withdelightoverthisnewfaculty,
e
andthejubilationreacheditsclimax
quando
whenKantfurtherdiscoveredamoralfacultyinman—foratthattimeGermanswerestillmoral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."
Then
veio
camethehoneymoonofGermanphilosophy.
Todos
Alltheyoungtheologiansof
os
theTubingeninstitutionwentimmediatelyinto
os
thegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."
E
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,
e
andstillyouthfulperiodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,themaliciousfairy,piped
e
andsang,whenonecouldnotyetdistinguish
entre
between"finding"and"inventing"!
Above
tudo
allafacultyforthe"transcendental";
Schellingchristenedit,intellectualintuition,
e
andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthenaturallypious-inclinedGermans.
One
pode
candonogreaterwrongtothe
todo
wholeofthisexuberantandeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoary
e
andsenileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,
ou
oreventreatitwithmoralindignation.
Suficiente
Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,
e
andthedreamvanished.
A
tempo
timecamewhenpeoplerubbedtheirforeheads,
e
andtheystillrubthem
hoje
today.
Peoplehadbeendreaming,
e
andfirstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansof
um
ameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,
ou
oratleastmeantto
dizer
say.
But,isthat—ananswer?
Uma
Anexplanation?
Orisitnotrathermerely
uma
arepetitionofthequestion?
Como
Howdoesopiuminducesleep?
"Bymeansof
um
ameans(faculty),"namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthe
médico
doctorinMoliere,.
Butsuchrepliesbelongtotherealmofcomedy,
e
anditishightimetoreplacetheKantian
pergunta
question,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"
by
outra
anotherquestion,"Whyisbeliefin
tais
suchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishigh
hora
timethatweshouldunderstandthat
tais
suchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeofthepreservationofcreatures
como
likeourselves;
thoughtheystill
possam
mightnaturallybefalsejudgments!
Ou
Or,moreplainlyspoken,androughly
e
andreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriori
deveriam
shouldnot"bepossible"at
tudo
all;
wehavenorightto
eles
them;
inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Apenas
Only,ofcourse,thebeliefintheir
verdade
truthisnecessary,asplausiblebelief
e
andocularevidencebelongingtotheperspectiveviewof
vida
life.
Andfinally,tocalltomindtheenormousinfluencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—I
espero
hopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthe
toda
wholeofEurope,thereis
não
nodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVA
teve
hadashareinit;
thankstoGermanphilosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,
e
andthepoliticalobscurantistsofallnations,to
encontrar
findanantidotetothe
ainda
stilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromthe
passado
lastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...