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Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Italian B2 Books

Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Italian B2 Books

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PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundforsuspectingthatallphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtounderstandwomen—thattheterrible
serietà
seriousnessandclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhaveusuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinningawoman?
Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;
andatpresenteverykindofdogmastandswithsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!
Fortherearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,thatalldogmaliesontheground—naymore,thatitisatitslastgasp.
Buttospeakseriously,therearegoodgroundsforhopingthatalldogmatizingin
filosofia
philosophy,whateversolemn,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,mayhavebeenonlya
nobile
noblepuerilismandtyronism;
andprobablythetimeisathandwhenitwillbeonceandagainunderstoodWHAThasactuallysufficedforthebasisofsuchimposingandabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistshavehithertoreared:
perhapssomepopular
superstizione
superstitionofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheformofsubject-
andego-superstition,hasnotyetceaseddoingmischief):
perhapssomeplayuponwords,a
inganno
deceptiononthepartof
grammatica
grammar,oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.
The
filosofia
philosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,wasonlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyinstillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhichprobablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,and
pazienza
patiencehavebeenspentthanonany
reale
actualsciencehitherto:
weowetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,thegrandstyleofarchitecture.
Itseemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesupontheheartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,allgreatthingshavefirstto
vagare
wanderabouttheearthasenormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:
dogmatic
filosofia
philosophyhasbeenacaricatureofthiskind—for
esempio
instance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,andPlatonisminEurope.
Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughitmustcertainlybe
confessare
confessedthattheworst,themost
fastidioso
tiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenadogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,canagaindrawbreath
liberamente
freelyandatleastenjoyahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthestruggleagainstthis
errore
errorhasfostered.
Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,andthe
negazione
denialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—oflife,tospeakofSpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;
indeedonemightask,asa
medico
physician:
"Howdidsuchamaladyattackthatfinestproductofantiquity,Plato?
Hadthe
malvagio
wickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?
WasSocratesafterallacorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"
ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,andforthe"people"—thestruggleagainsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsof
Cristianesimo
Christianity(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),
prodotto
producedinEuropeamagnificent
tensione
tensionofsoul,suchashadnotexistedanywherepreviously;
withsuchatenselystrainedbowonecannowaimatthefurthestgoals.
Asamatteroffact,theEuropeanfeelsthis
tensione
tensionasastateofdistress,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:
oncebymeansofJesuitism,andthesecondtimebymeansof
democratico
democraticenlightenment—which,withtheaidof
libertà
libertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,might,infact,bringitaboutthatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!
(TheGermans
inventato
inventedgunpowder—allcredittothem!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—they
inventato
inventedprinting.)
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,norevensufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,andfree,VERYfreespirits—wehaveitstill,allthedistressofspiritandallthe
tensione
tensionofitsbow!
Andperhapsalsothe
freccia
arrow,theduty,and,whoknows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
Capitolo
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
TheWilltoTruth,whichisto
tenta
temptustomanyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhichallphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshasthisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeus!
Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itisalreadyalongstory;
yetitseemsasifitwerehardlycommenced.
Isitanywonderifweatlastgrowdistrustful,lose
pazienza
patience,andturnimpatientlyaway?
ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlasttoaskquestionsourselves?
WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstoushere?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?
Infactwemadealong
fermata
haltatthequestionastotheoriginofthisWill—untilatlastwecametoanabsolutestandstillbeforeayetmore
fondamentale
fundamentalquestion.
WeinquiredabouttheVALUEofthisWill.
Grantedthatwewantthetruth:
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
Anduncertainty?
Evenignorance?
Theproblemofthevalueoftruthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewhopresentedourselvesbeforetheproblem?
WhichofusistheOedipushere?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobea
appuntamento
rendezvousofquestionsandnotesof
interrogatorio
interrogation.
Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousasiftheproblemhadneverbeenpropoundedbefore,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,andRISKRAISINGit?
Forthereisriskinraisingit,perhapsthereisnogreaterrisk.
2.
"HOWCOULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,truthoutoferror?
ortheWilltoTruthoutofthewilltodeception?
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?
orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewisemanoutofcovetousness?
Such
genesi
genesisisimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitisafool,
anzi
nay,worsethanafool;
thingsofthehighestvaluemusthaveadifferentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inthistransitory,
seducente
seductive,illusory,paltryworld,inthis
tumulto
turmoilofdelusionandcupidity,theycannothavetheirsource.
ButratherinthelapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealedGod,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,andnowhereelse!"—This
modo
modeofreasoningdisclosesthe
tipico
typicalprejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofalltimescanberecognized,this
modo
modeofvaluationisatthebackofalltheir
logico
logicalprocedure;
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forsomethingthatisintheend
solennemente
solemnlychristened"theTruth."
The
fondamentale
fundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansisTHE
Credenza
BELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.
Itneveroccurredeventothewariestofthemtodoubthereonthevery
soglia
threshold(wheredoubt,however,wasmostnecessary);
thoughtheyhadmadea
solenne
solemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."
Foritmaybedoubted,
in primo luogo
firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;
andsecondly,whetherthepopularvaluationsandantithesesofvalueuponwhichmetaphysicianshavesettheir
sigillo
seal,arenotperhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,
semplicemente
merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomecorner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowanexpressioncurrentamongpainters.
Inspiteofallthevaluewhichmaybelongtothetrue,thepositive,andtheunselfish,itmightbepossiblethatahigherandmore
fondamentale
fundamentalvalueforlifegenerallyshouldbe
assegnato
assignedtopretence,tothewillto
illusione
delusion,toselfishness,andcupidity.
ItmightevenbepossiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofthosegoodandrespectedthings,consists
precisamente
preciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,andcrochetedtotheseevilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeing
essenzialmente
essentiallyidenticalwiththem.
Perhaps!
Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
Forthatinvestigationonemust
attendere
awaittheadventofaneworderofphilosophers,suchaswillhaveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseoftheterm.
Andtospeakinall
serietà
seriousness,Iseesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.
3.
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,andhavingreadbetweentheirlineslongenough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreaterpartof
cosciente
consciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,anditissoeveninthecaseof
filosofico
philosophicalthinking;
onehasheretolearnanew,asonelearnedanewaboutheredityand"innateness."
Aslittleastheactofbirthcomesinto
considerazione
considerationinthewholeprocessand
procedura
procedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"
Opposto
OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinany
decisivo
decisivesense;
thegreaterpartofthe
cosciente
consciousthinkingofaphilosopheris
segretamente
secretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,andforcedintodefinitechannels.
Andbehindall
logica
logicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,ortospeakmore
chiaramente
plainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceofadefinite
modo
modeoflifeForexample,thatthecertainisworthmorethantheuncertain,thatillusionislessvaluablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforUS,mightnotwithstandingbeonlysuperficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.
Supposing,ineffect,thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessofanopinionisnotforusany
obiezione
objectiontoit:
itishere,perhaps,thatournewlanguagesoundsmost
stranamente
strangely.
Thequestionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,perhapsspecies-rearing,andweare
fondamentalmente
fundamentallyinclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),arethemostindispensabletous,thatwithouta
riconoscimento
recognitionoflogicalfictions,withouta
confronto
comparisonofrealitywiththe
puramente
purelyIMAGINEDworldoftheabsoluteandimmutable,withouta
costante
constantcounterfeitingoftheworldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.
TO
Riconoscere
RECOGNISEUNTRUTHASACONDITIONOFLIFE;
thatiscertainlytoimpugnthetraditionalideasofvalueinadangerous
modo
manner,andaphilosophywhich
avventura
venturestodoso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyondgoodandevil.
5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstobe
considerare
regardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscoveryhowinnocenttheyare—howoftenandeasilytheymakemistakesandlosetheirway,inshort,howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnotenoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereastheyallraisealoudand
virtuoso
virtuousoutcrywhentheproblemoftruthfulnessiseven
accennato
hintedatintheremotestmanner.
Theyallposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredandattainedthroughtheself-evolvingofacold,pure,divinely
indifferente
indifferentdialectic(incontrasttoallsortsofmystics,who,fairerandfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,infact,a
pregiudicato
prejudicedproposition,idea,or"suggestion,"whichis
generalmente
generallytheirheart'sdesireabstractedandrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutaftertheevent.
Theyarealladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,
generalmente
generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingthe
coscienza
consciencewhichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegoodtasteofthecouragewhichgoessofarastoletthisbeunderstood,perhapstowarnfriendor
nemico
foe,orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.
ThespectacleoftheTartufferyofoldKant,equally
rigido
stiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewhofindnosmall
divertimento
amusementinspyingoutthesubtletricksofoldmoralistsandethicalpreachers.
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematicalform,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhis
filosofia
philosophyinmailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"to
tradurre
translatethetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebytostrike
terrore
terroratonceintotheheartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocasta
sguardo
glanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofasicklyrecluse
tradisce
betray!
6.
Ithasgraduallybecomecleartomewhateverygreat
filosofia
philosophyuptillnowhasconsistedof—namely,the
confessione
confessionofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofinvoluntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;
andmoreoverthatthe
morale
moral(orimmoral)purposeinevery
filosofia
philosophyhasconstitutedthetrue
vitale
vitalgermoutofwhichtheentireplanthasalwaysgrown.
Indeed,tounderstandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofa
filosofo
philosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itisalwayswell(andwise)tofirstaskoneself:
"What
moralità
moralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Di conseguenza
Accordingly,Idonotbelievethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthefatherof
filosofia
philosophy;
butthatanotherimpulse,hereas
altrove
elsewhere,hasonlymadeuseofknowledge(andmistakenknowledge!)
asan
strumento
instrument.
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofmanwithaviewto
determinare
determininghowfartheymayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENII(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfindthattheyhaveallpracticed
filosofia
philosophyatonetimeoranother,andthateachoneofthemwouldhavebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfasthe
ultimo
ultimateendofexistenceandthe
legittimo
legitimateLORDoveralltheotherimpulses.
Forevery
impulso
impulseisimperious,andasSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.
Tobesure,inthecaseofscholars,inthecaseofreallyscientificmen,itmaybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;
theretheremayreallybesuchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindofsmall,
indipendente
independentclock-work,which,whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialparttherein.
Theactual"interests"ofthe
studioso
scholar,therefore,aregenerallyinquiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;
itis,infact,almost
indifferente
indifferentatwhatpointofresearchhislittlemachineisplaced,andwhetherthehopefulyoung
lavoratore
workerbecomesagoodphilologist,amushroom
specialista
specialist,orachemist;
heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecomingthisorthat.
Inthe
filosofo
philosopher,onthecontrary,thereisabsolutelynothingimpersonal;
andaboveall,his
moralità
moralityfurnishesadecidedanddecisive
testimonianza
testimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhatorderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnaturestandtoeachother.
7.
Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!
IknowofnothingmorestingingthanthejokeEpicurustookthe
libertà
libertyofmakingonPlatoandthePlatonists;
hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,andonthefaceofit,thewordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesandlick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisasmuchastosay,"TheyareallACTORS,thereisnothing
genuino
genuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopularnameforanactor).
AndthelatterisreallythemalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:
hewas
infastidito
annoyedbythegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenestyleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofwhichEpicuruswasnotamaster!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,perhapsoutof
rabbia
rageandambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!
Greecetookahundredyearstofindoutwhothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereisapointinevery
filosofia
philosophyatwhichthe"conviction"ofthe
filosofo
philosopherappearsonthescene;
or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
YoudesiretoLIVE"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,younobleStoics,what
frode
fraudofwords!
ImaginetoyourselvesabeinglikeNature,boundlessly
stravagante
extravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurposeor
considerazione
consideration,withoutpityorjustice,atoncefruitfuland
sterile
barrenanduncertain:
imaginetoyourselves
Indifferenza
INDIFFERENCEasapower—howCOULDyouliveinaccordancewithsuch
indifferenza
indifference?
Tolive—isnotthatjustendeavouringtobeotherwisethanthisNature?
Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
Andgrantedthatyour
imperativo
imperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"meansactuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—howcouldyoudo
Diversamente
DIFFERENTLY?
Whyshouldyoumakea
principio
principleoutofwhatyouyourselvesare,andmustbe?
Inreality,however,itisquiteotherwisewithyou:
whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethe
canone
canonofyourlawinNature,youwantsomethingquitethe
contrario
contrary,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!
Inyourprideyouwishto
dettare
dictateyourmoralsandidealstoNature,toNatureherself,andtoincorporatethemtherein;
you
insisti
insistthatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"andwouldlikeeverythingtobemadeafteryourownimage,asavast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!
Withallyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvessolong,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoseeNatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,thatyouarenolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andto
coronare
crownall,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamitehopethatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:
isnottheStoicaPARTofNature?...
Butthisisanoldandeverlastingstory:
whathappenedinoldtimeswiththeStoicsstillhappenstoday,assoonasevera
filosofia
philosophybeginstobelieveinitself.
Italwayscreatestheworldinitsownimage;
itcannotdootherwise;
filosofia
philosophyisthistyrannicalimpulseitself,themost
spirituale
spiritualWilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausaprima.
10.
Theeagernessandsubtlety,Ishouldevensaycraftiness,withwhichtheproblemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthoughtandattention;
andhewhohearsonlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,andnothingelse,cannotcertainly
vantarsi
boastofthesharpestears.
Inrareandisolatedcases,itmayreallyhavehappenedthatsuchaWilltoTruth—acertain
stravagante
extravagantandadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionoftheforlornhope—has
partecipato
participatedtherein:
thatwhichintheendalwaysprefersa
manciata
handfulof"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;
theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsof
coscienza
conscience,whoprefertoputtheirlasttrustinasurenothing,ratherthaninan
incerto
uncertainsomething.
ButthatisNihilism,andthesignofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingsucha
virtù
virtuemaydisplay.
Itseems,however,tobeotherwisewithstrongerandlivelierthinkerswhoarestilleagerforlife.
InthattheysideAGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthe
credibilità
credibilityoftheirownbodiesaboutaslowasthe
credibilità
credibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurest
possesso
possessiontoescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinmore
fermamente
firmlythaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsiftheyarenotreallytryingtowinbacksomethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurer
possesso
possession,somethingoftheold
dominio
domainofthefaithofformertimes,perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichtheycouldlivebetter,thatistosay,morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?
ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthis
modo
modeoflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallthathasbeen
costruito
constructedyesterdayandtoday;
thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatietyand
disprezzo
scorn,whichcannolonger
sopportare
enduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthemostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;
a
disgusto
disgustofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessandpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisnothingeithernewortrue,exceptthismotleyness.
Thereinitseemstomethatweshouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsandknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;
their
istinto
instinct,whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...
whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOTthattheywishtogo"back,"butthattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.
AlittleMOREstrength,swing,courage,and
artistico
artisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!
11.
Itseemstomethatthereiseverywhereanattemptatpresentto
deviare
divertattentionfromtheactual
influenza
influencewhichKantexercisedonGerman
filosofia
philosophy,andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.
KantwasfirstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
withitinhishandhesaid:
"Thisisthemostdifficultthingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."
Letusonlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!
Hewasproudofhaving
Scoperto
DISCOVEREDanewfacultyinman,the
facoltà
facultyofsyntheticjudgmentapriori.
Grantingthathe
ingannato
deceivedhimselfinthismatter;
the
sviluppo
developmentandrapidflourishingofGerman
filosofia
philosophydependedneverthelessonhispride,andontheeagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationto
scoprire
discoverifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso.
"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatisreallyhisanswer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotinfivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuchdisplayofGermanprofundityandverbalflourishes,thatone
del tutto
altogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchananswer.
Peoplewerebesidethemselveswith
gioia
delightoverthisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreachedits
culmine
climaxwhenKantfurtherdiscovereda
morale
moralfacultyinman—foratthattimeGermanswerestill
morale
moral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."
Thencamethe
luna di miele
honeymoonofGermanphilosophy.
AlltheyoungtheologiansoftheTubingeninstitutionwentimmediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,andstill
giovane
youthfulperiodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,themaliciousfairy,pipedandsang,whenonecouldnotyet
distinguere
distinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!
Abovealla
facoltà
facultyforthe"transcendental";
Schellingchristenedit,
intellettuale
intellectualintuition,andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthe
naturalmente
naturallypious-inclinedGermans.
Onecandonogreaterwrongtothewholeofthisexuberantand
eccentrico
eccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoaryandsenileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,oreventreatitwith
morale
moralindignation.
Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,andthedream
svanì
vanished.
Atimecamewhenpeople
strofinavano
rubbedtheirforeheads,andtheystill
strofinavano
rubthemtoday.
Peoplehadbeendreaming,andfirstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansofameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,oratleastmeanttosay.
But,isthat—ananswer?
An
spiegazione
explanation?
Orisitnotrathermerelyarepetitionofthequestion?
Howdoesopiuminducesleep?
"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"
cioè
namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthedoctorinMoliere,.
Butsuchrepliesbelongtothe
regno
realmofcomedy,anditishightimeto
sostituire
replacetheKantianquestion,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"
byanotherquestion,"Whyis
credenza
beliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishightimethatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeofthe
conservazione
preservationofcreatureslikeourselves;
thoughtheystillmight
naturalmente
naturallybefalsejudgments!
Or,more
chiaramente
plainlyspoken,androughlyandreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriorishouldnot"bepossible"atall;
wehavenorighttothem;
inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Only,ofcourse,the
credenza
beliefintheirtruthisnecessary,asplausible
credenza
beliefandocularevidencebelongingtotheperspectiveviewoflife.
Andfinally,tocalltomindtheenormous
influenza
influencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisnodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;
thankstoGerman
filosofia
philosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,andthepoliticalobscurantistsofallnations,tofindan
antidoto
antidotetothestilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromthelastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...