Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Italian A1-B2 Translation Books

Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Italian A1-B2 Translation Books

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PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthis
una
a
woman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundfor
sospettare
suspecting
thatallphilosophers,insofarasthey
hanno
have
beendogmatists,havefailedto
capire
understand
women—thattheterribleseriousness
e
and
clumsyimportunitywithwhichthey
hanno
have
usuallypaidtheiraddressesto
Verità
Truth
,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinning
una
a
woman?
Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;
e
and
atpresenteverykindofdogmastandswith
triste
sad
anddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!
For
ci
there
arescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,that
tutto
all
dogmaliesontheground—naymore,thatitisatits
ultimo
last
gasp.
Buttospeak
seriamente
seriously
,therearegoodgroundsforhoping
che
that
alldogmatizinginphilosophy,whatever
solenne
solemn
,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsit
abbia
has
assumed,mayhavebeen
solo
only
anoblepuerilismandtyronism;
e
and
probablythetimeisathandwhenitwillbe
volta
once
andagainunderstoodWHAT
hanno
has
actuallysufficedforthebasisofsuchimposing
e
and
absolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatists
hanno
have
hithertoreared:
perhapssome
popolare
popular
superstitionofimmemorialtime(suchas
la
the
soul-superstition,which,inthe
forma
form
ofsubject-
andego-superstition,
ha
has
notyetceaseddoingmischief):
forse
perhaps
someplayuponwords,a
inganno
deception
onthepartof
grammatica
grammar
,oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.
The
filosofia
philosophy
ofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,was
solo
only
apromiseforthousandsofyears
dopo
afterwards
,aswasastrologyin
ancora
still
earliertimes,inthe
servizio
service
ofwhichprobablymorelabour,
oro
gold
,acuteness,andpatiencehavebeen
spesi
spent
thanonanyactual
scienza
science
hitherto:
weowetoit,
e
and
toits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsia
e
and
Egypt,thegrandstyleofarchitecture.
It
sembra
seems
thatinordertoinscribethemselvesuponthe
cuore
heart
ofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,
tutte
all
greatthingshavefirstto
vagare
wander
abouttheearthasenormous
e
and
awe-inspiringcaricatures:
dogmaticphilosophyhasbeen
una
a
caricatureofthiskind—for
esempio
instance
,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,
e
and
PlatonisminEurope.
Letusnotbeungratefultoit,
sebbene
although
itmustcertainlybe
confessare
confessed
thattheworst,the
più
most
tiresome,andthemost
pericoloso
dangerous
oferrorshithertohasbeen
un
a
dogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionof
Puro
Pure
SpiritandtheGoodinItself.
Ma
But
nowwhenithasbeensurmounted,
quando
when
Europe,ridofthis
incubo
nightmare
,canagaindrawbreath
liberamente
freely
andatleastenjoy
un
a
healthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthe
lotta
struggle
againstthiserrorhasfostered.
Itamountedtotheveryinversionof
verità
truth
,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—the
fondamentale
fundamental
condition—oflife,tospeakof
Spirito
Spirit
andtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;
indeedone
potrebbe
might
ask,asaphysician:
"How
fatto
did
suchamaladyattackthatfinest
prodotto
product
ofantiquity,Plato?
Had
il
the
wickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?
WasSocrates
dopo
after
allacorrupterofyouths,
e
and
deservedhishemlock?"
Butthe
lotta
struggle
againstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,
e
and
forthe"people"—thestruggle
contro
against
theecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsof
Cristianesimo
Christianity
(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),
prodotto
produced
inEuropeamagnificent
tensione
tension
ofsoul,suchas
ha
had
notexistedanywherepreviously;
withsuchatenselystrained
arco
bow
onecannowaimatthefurthestgoals.
Asamatteroffact,theEuropean
sente
feels
thistensionasa
stato
state
ofdistress,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadein
grande
grand
styletounbendthebow:
volta
once
bymeansofJesuitism,
e
and
thesecondtimebymeansof
democratico
democratic
enlightenment—which,withtheaidof
libertà
liberty
ofthepressandnewspaper-reading,
potrebbe
might
,infact,bringitabout
che
that
thespiritwouldnotso
facilmente
easily
finditselfin"distress"!
La
(The
Germansinventedgunpowder—allcreditto
loro
them
!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—they
inventato
invented
printing.)
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,nor
nemmeno
even
sufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,
e
and
free,VERYfreespirits—wehaveit
ancora
still
,allthedistressof
spirito
spirit
andallthetensionofits
arco
bow
!
Andperhapsalsothe
freccia
arrow
,theduty,and,who
sa
knows
?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
Capitolo
CHAPTER
I.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
The
Volontà
Will
toTruth,whichisto
tenta
tempt
ustomanyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhich
tutti
all
philosophershavehithertospokenwith
rispetto
respect
,whatquestionshasthis
Volontà
Will
toTruthnotlaidbeforeus!
Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itisalready
una
a
longstory;
yetit
sembra
seems
asifitwere
appena
hardly
commenced.
Isitany
stupirsi
wonder
ifweatlastgrowdistrustful,
perdiamo
lose
patience,andturnimpatientlyaway?
Che
That
thisSphinxteachesusatlasttoaskquestionsourselves?
Chi
WHO
isitreallythatputsquestionstous
qui
here
?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?
Infactwemadea
lungo
long
haltatthequestionastotheoriginof
questa
this
Will—untilatlastwecametoanabsolutestandstillbeforea
ancora
yet
morefundamentalquestion.
We
informati
inquired
abouttheVALUEof
questo
this
Will.
Grantedthatwewant
la
the
truth:
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
E
And
uncertainty?
Evenignorance?
The
problema
problem
ofthevalueof
verità
truth
presenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewho
presentato
presented
ourselvesbeforetheproblem?
Quale
Which
ofusistheOedipus
qui
here
?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwould
sembra
seem
tobearendezvousofquestions
e
and
notesofinterrogation.
Andcoulditbe
credere
believed
thatitatlast
sembri
seems
tousasifthe
problema
problem
hadneverbeenpropoundedbefore,as
se
if
wewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,
e
and
RISKRAISINGit?
Forthereis
rischio
risk
inraisingit,perhapsthereis
non
no
greaterrisk.
2.
"HOWCOULD
qualcosa
anything
originateoutofits
opposto
opposite
?
Forexample,truthoutoferror?
o
or
theWilltoTruthoutof
la
the
willtodeception?
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?
o
or
thepuresun-brightvisionof
la
the
wisemanoutofcovetousness?
Tale
Such
genesisisimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitisafool,
anzi
nay
,worsethanafool;
thingsofthehighest
valore
value
musthaveadifferentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—in
questo
this
transitory,seductive,illusory,paltry
mondo
world
,inthisturmoilof
illusione
delusion
andcupidity,theycannot
avere
have
theirsource.
ButratherinthelapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealed
Dio
God
,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheir
fonte
source
,andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeofreasoning
rivela
discloses
thetypicalprejudiceby
cui
which
metaphysiciansofalltimescanberecognized,
questo
this
modeofvaluationisatthebackofalltheir
logico
logical
procedure;
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"for
qualcosa
something
thatisinthe
fine
end
solemnlychristened"theTruth."
La
The
fundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansis
La
THE
BELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.
Itneveroccurred
nemmeno
even
tothewariestofthemto
dubitare
doubt
hereonthevery
soglia
threshold
(wheredoubt,however,was
più
most
necessary);
thoughtheyhad
fatto
made
asolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."
Foritmaybe
dubitare
doubted
,firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;
e
and
secondly,whetherthepopularvaluations
e
and
antithesesofvalueupon
cui
which
metaphysicianshavesettheir
sigillo
seal
,arenotperhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,
semplicemente
merely
provisionalperspectives,besidesbeing
probabilmente
probably
madefromsomecorner,
forse
perhaps
frombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrow
un
an
expressioncurrentamongpainters.
Inspiteof
tutto
all
thevaluewhichmay
appartenere
belong
tothetrue,the
positivo
positive
,andtheunselfish,it
potrebbe
might
bepossiblethatahigher
e
and
morefundamentalvaluefor
vita
life
generallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothe
volontà
will
todelusion,toselfishness,
e
and
cupidity.
Itmightevenbe
possibile
possible
thatWHATconstitutesthe
valore
value
ofthosegoodand
rispettate
respected
things,consistspreciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,
e
and
crochetedtotheseevil
e
and
apparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeing
essenzialmente
essentially
identicalwiththem.
Perhaps!
Ma
But
whowishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
For
che
that
investigationonemustawaittheadventofa
nuovo
new
orderofphilosophers,suchaswill
avranno
have
othertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthe
pericoloso
dangerous
"Perhaps"ineverysenseofthe
termine
term
.
Andtospeakinall
serietà
seriousness
,Iseesuchnewphilosophersbeginningto
apparire
appear
.
3.
Havingkeptasharp
occhio
eye
onphilosophers,andhaving
letto
read
betweentheirlineslong
abbastanza
enough
,Inowsaytomyself
che
that
thegreaterpartof
cosciente
conscious
thinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,
e
and
itissoeveninthe
caso
case
ofphilosophicalthinking;
onehas
qui
here
tolearnanew,asonelearnedanewaboutheredity
e
and
"innateness."
Aslittleastheactof
nascita
birth
comesintoconsiderationinthewhole
processo
process
andprocedureofheredity,justas
poco
little
is"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinany
decisivo
decisive
sense;
thegreaterpartof
la
the
consciousthinkingofa
filosofo
philosopher
issecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,
e
and
forcedintodefinitechannels.
E
And
behindalllogicanditsseeming
sovranità
sovereignty
ofmovement,therearevaluations,
o
or
tospeakmoreplainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceof
un
a
definitemodeoflifeFor
esempio
example
,thatthecertainis
vale
worth
morethantheuncertain,thatillusionis
meno
less
valuablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforUS,mightnotwithstandingbe
solo
only
superficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.
Supponendo
Supposing
,ineffect,thatmanisnot
solo
just
the"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessof
un
an
opinionisnotforusany
obiezione
objection
toit:
itis
qui
here
,perhaps,thatournew
lingua
language
soundsmoststrangely.
The
questione
question
is,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,
forse
perhaps
species-rearing,andweare
fondamentalmente
fundamentally
inclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsapriori
appartengono
belong)
,arethemostindispensabletous,that
senza
without
arecognitionoflogicalfictions,
senza
without
acomparisonofrealitywiththe
puramente
purely
IMAGINEDworldoftheabsolute
e
and
immutable,withoutaconstantcounterfeitingofthe
mondo
world
bymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationof
vita
life
,anegationoflife.
TO
Riconoscere
RECOGNISE
UNTRUTHASACONDITIONOF
Vita
LIFE
;
thatiscertainlytoimpugn
le
the
traditionalideasofvaluein
una
a
dangerousmanner,anda
filosofia
philosophy
whichventurestodoso,
ha
has
therebyaloneplaceditselfbeyond
bene
good
andevil.
5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstobe
considerare
regarded
half-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscovery
quanto
how
innocenttheyare—howoften
e
and
easilytheymakemistakes
e
and
losetheirway,in
breve
short
,howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnot
abbastanza
enough
honestdealingwiththem,whereasthey
tutti
all
raisealoudand
virtuoso
virtuous
outcrywhentheproblemoftruthfulnessiseven
accennato
hinted
atintheremotestmanner.
They
tutti
all
poseasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscovered
e
and
attainedthroughtheself-evolvingofacold,pure,divinely
indifferente
indifferent
dialectic(incontrastto
tutti
all
sortsofmystics,who,fairer
e
and
foolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,in
realtà
fact
,aprejudicedproposition,idea,
o
or
"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart's
desiderio
desire
abstractedandrefined,is
difeso
defended
bythemwithargumentssoughtout
dopo
after
theevent.
Theyare
tutti
all
advocateswhodonot
desiderano
wish
toberegardedassuch,
generalmente
generally
astutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingthe
coscienza
conscience
whichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegood
gusto
taste
ofthecouragewhich
va
goes
sofarastolet
questo
this
beunderstood,perhapsto
avvertire
warn
friendorfoe,orincheerful
fiducia
confidence
andself-ridicule.
Thespectacleof
i
the
TartufferyofoldKant,equally
rigido
stiff
anddecent,withwhichheenticesusinto
i
the
dialecticby-waysthatlead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousones
sorridere
smile
,wewhofindno
piccolo
small
amusementinspyingout
i
the
subtletricksofoldmoralists
e
and
ethicalpreachers.
Or,still
più
more
so,thehocus-pocusinmathematical
forma
form
,bymeansofwhichSpinoza
ha
has
,asitwere,cladhis
filosofia
philosophy
inmailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"to
tradurre
translate
thetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebyto
colpire
strike
terroratonceintothe
cuore
heart
oftheassailantwhoshould
oserebbe
dare
tocastaglanceonthat
invincibile
invincible
maiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidity
e
and
vulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeof
un
a
sicklyreclusebetray!
6.
Ithas
gradualmente
gradually
becomecleartomewhat
ogni
every
greatphilosophyuptill
ora
now
hasconsistedof—namely,the
confessione
confession
ofitsoriginator,and
una
a
speciesofinvoluntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;
e
and
moreoverthatthemoral(orimmoral)
scopo
purpose
ineveryphilosophyhasconstituted
il
the
truevitalgermoutofwhich
il
the
entireplanthasalwaysgrown.
Indeed,to
capire
understand
howtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsof
un
a
philosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itis
sempre
always
well(andwise)to
prima
first
askoneself:
"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)
mirano
aim
at?"
Accordingly,Idonot
credo
believe
thatan"impulsetoknowledge"is
il
the
fatherofphilosophy;
but
che
that
anotherimpulse,hereas
altrove
elsewhere
,hasonlymadeuseof
conoscenza
knowledge
(andmistakenknowledge!)
asan
strumento
instrument
.
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofmanwithaviewto
determinare
determining
howfartheymay
hanno
have
hereactedasINSPIRINGGENII
O
(or
asdemonsandcobolds),willfind
che
that
theyhaveallpracticed
filosofia
philosophy
atonetimeoranother,
e
and
thateachoneofthemwould
hanno
have
beenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfasthe
ultimo
ultimate
endofexistenceandthe
legittimo
legitimate
LORDoverallthe
altri
other
impulses.
Foreveryimpulseisimperious,
e
and
asSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.
Tobesure,inthe
caso
case
ofscholars,inthe
caso
case
ofreallyscientificmen,itmaybeotherwise—"better,"
se
if
youwill;
theretheremay
davvero
really
besuchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindof
piccolo
small
,independentclock-work,which,whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothat
fine
end
,WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulses
prendono
taking
anymaterialparttherein.
Theactual"interests"ofthe
studioso
scholar
,therefore,aregenerallyinquiteanotherdirection—inthe
famiglia
family
,perhaps,orinmoney-making,
o
or
inpolitics;
itis,in
infatti
fact
,almostindifferentatwhat
punto
point
ofresearchhislittle
macchina
machine
isplaced,andwhetherthehopeful
giovane
young
workerbecomesagoodphilologist,
un
a
mushroomspecialist,ora
chimico
chemist
;
heisnotCHARACTERISEDby
diventare
becoming
thisorthat.
Inthe
filosofo
philosopher
,onthecontrary,thereis
assolutamente
absolutely
nothingimpersonal;
andaboveall,his
moralità
morality
furnishesadecidedanddecisive
testimonianza
testimony
astoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhat
ordine
order
thedeepestimpulsesofhis
natura
nature
standtoeachother.
7.
Come
How
maliciousphilosopherscanbe!
Iknowof
nulla
nothing
morestingingthanthejokeEpicurus
prese
took
thelibertyofmakingonPlato
e
and
thePlatonists;
hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Inits
originale
original
sense,andonthe
faccia
face
ofit,thewordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessories
e
and
lick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisasmuchasto
dire
say
,"TheyareallACTORS,thereis
nulla
nothing
genuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasa
popolare
popular
nameforanactor).
E
And
thelatterisreally
il
the
malignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:
hewas
infastidito
annoyed
bythegrandiosemanner,
i
the
miseenscenestyleof
cui
which
Platoandhisscholarsweremasters—of
cui
which
Epicuruswasnota
maestro
master
!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,who
sedeva
sat
concealedinhislittle
giardino
garden
atAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,
forse
perhaps
outofrageandambitious
invidia
envy
ofPlato,whoknows!
Greecetooka
cento
hundred
yearstofindout
chi
who
thegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereis
un
a
pointineveryphilosophyat
cui
which
the"conviction"ofthe
filosofo
philosopher
appearsonthescene;
o
or
,toputitin
le
the
wordsofanancient
mistero
mystery:
.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
Youdesireto
Vivere
LIVE
"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,younobleStoics,what
frode
fraud
ofwords!
Imaginetoyourselves
un
a
beinglikeNature,boundlessly
stravagante
extravagant
,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurpose
o
or
consideration,withoutpityor
giustizia
justice
,atoncefruitfuland
sterile
barren
anduncertain:
imaginetoyourselves
Indifferenza
INDIFFERENCE
asapower—howCOULDyou
vivere
live
inaccordancewithsuch
indifferenza
indifference
?
Tolive—isnotthat
solo
just
endeavouringtobeotherwisethan
questa
this
Nature?
Isnotlivingvaluing,
preferire
preferring
,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
E
And
grantedthatyourimperative,"living
secondo
according
toNature,"meansactuallythesameas"living
secondo
according
tolife"—howcouldyou
fare
do
DIFFERENTLY?
Whyshouldyou
fare
make
aprincipleoutofwhatyouyourselvesare,
e
and
mustbe?
Inreality,
però
however
,itisquiteotherwisewithyou:
mentre
while
youpretendtoreadwithrapturethe
canone
canon
ofyourlawin
Natura
Nature
,youwantsomethingquitethe
contrario
contrary
,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!
Inyour
orgoglio
pride
youwishtodictateyourmorals
e
and
idealstoNature,to
Natura
Nature
herself,andtoincorporatethemtherein;
you
insisti
insist
thatitshallbe
Natura
Nature
"accordingtotheStoa,"
e
and
wouldlikeeverythingtobe
fatto
made
afteryourownimage,as
una
a
vast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!
With
tutto
all
yourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvesso
lungo
long
,sopersistently,andwith
tale
such
hypnoticrigiditytosee
Natura
Nature
FALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,
che
that
youarenolongerableto
vedere
see
itotherwise—andtocrown
tutto
all
,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamite
speranza
hope
thatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalso
permetterà
allow
herselftobetyrannizedover:
isnottheStoica
Parte
PART
ofNature?...
Butthisis
una
an
oldandeverlastingstory:
whathappenedinoldtimeswiththeStoics
ancora
still
happenstoday,assoonasever
una
a
philosophybeginstobelieveinitself.
It
sempre
always
createstheworldinitsownimage;
itcannot
fare
do
otherwise;
philosophyisthistyrannical
impulso
impulse
itself,themostspiritual
Volontà
Will
toPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"the
volontà
will
tothecausaprima.
10.
Theeagerness
e
and
subtlety,Ishouldeven
dire
say
craftiness,withwhichthe
problema
problem
of"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithat
attualmente
present
throughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthought
e
and
attention;
andhewho
sente
hears
onlya"WilltoTruth"in
le
the
background,andnothingelse,cannot
certamente
certainly
boastofthesharpestears.
Inrare
e
and
isolatedcases,itmay
davvero
really
havehappenedthatsucha
Volontà
Will
toTruth—acertainextravagant
e
and
adventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionoftheforlornhope—has
partecipato
participated
therein:
thatwhichinthe
fine
end
alwaysprefersahandfulof"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;
ci
there
mayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsof
coscienza
conscience
,whoprefertoputtheirlast
fiducia
trust
inasurenothing,
piuttosto
rather
thaninanuncertain
qualcosa
something
.
ButthatisNihilism,
e
and
thesignofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstanding
il
the
courageousbearingsucha
virtù
virtue
maydisplay.
Itseems,however,tobe
diversamente
otherwise
withstrongerandlivelierthinkers
che
who
arestilleagerfor
vita
life
.
Inthattheyside
Contro
AGAINST
appearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthe
credibilità
credibility
oftheirownbodies
circa
about
aslowasthe
credibilità
credibility
oftheocularevidencethat"the
terra
earth
standsstill,"andthus,
apparentemente
apparently
,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurest
possesso
possession
toescape(forwhatdoesoneat
attualmente
present
believeinmorefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—who
sa
knows
iftheyarenotreallytryingtowinback
qualcosa
something
whichwasformerlyan
ancora
even
securerpossession,somethingofthe
vecchio
old
domainofthefaithofformertimes,
forse
perhaps
the"immortalsoul,"perhaps"the
vecchio
old
God,"inshort,ideasbywhichtheycould
vivere
live
better,thatistosay,
più
more
vigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?
ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasin
questo
this
modeoflookingatthings,
una
a
disbeliefinallthathasbeen
costruito
constructed
yesterdayandtoday;
thereis
forse
perhaps
someslightadmixtureofsatiety
e
and
scorn,whichcannolonger
sopportare
endure
theBRIC-A-BRACofideasof
il
the
mostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismat
attualmente
present
throwsonthemarket;
un
a
disgustofthemorerefined
gusto
taste
atthevillage-fairmotleyness
e
and
patchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereis
nulla
nothing
eithernewortrue,
tranne
except
thismotleyness.
Thereinit
sembra
seems
tomethatwe
dovremmo
should
agreewiththoseskepticalanti-realists
e
and
knowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;
their
istinto
instinct
,whichrepelsthemfromMODERN
realtà
reality
,isunrefuted...
whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
La
The
mainthingaboutthemisNOT
che
that
theywishtogo"back,"
ma
but
thattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.
Un
A
littleMOREstrength,swing,
coraggio
courage
,andartisticpower,andthey
sarebbero
would
beOFF—andnotback!
11.
It
sembra
seems
tomethatthereis
ovunque
everywhere
anattemptatpresentto
deviare
divert
attentionfromtheactual
influenza
influence
whichKantexercisedonGerman
filosofia
philosophy
,andespeciallytoignoreprudently
il
the
valuewhichhesetuponhimself.
Kantwas
prima
first
andforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
withitinhis
mano
hand
hesaid:
"Thisis
la
the
mostdifficultthingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."
Letus
solo
only
understandthis"couldbe"!
Hewas
orgoglioso
proud
ofhavingDISCOVEREDanew
facoltà
faculty
inman,thefacultyofsynthetic
giudizio
judgment
apriori.
Grantingthathe
ingannato
deceived
himselfinthismatter;
la
the
developmentandrapidflourishingofGerman
filosofia
philosophy
dependedneverthelessonhis
orgoglio
pride
,andontheeagerrivalryof
la
the
youngergenerationtodiscover
se
if
possiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—of
cui
which
tobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso.
"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kant
chiede
asks
himself—andwhatisreallyhis
risposta
answer
?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—but
purtroppo
unfortunately
notinfivewords,
ma
but
socircumstantially,imposingly,andwith
tale
such
displayofGermanprofundity
e
and
verbalflourishes,thatone
del tutto
altogether
losessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedin
tale
such
ananswer.
Peoplewerebesidethemselveswith
gioia
delight
overthisnewfaculty,
e
and
thejubilationreachedits
culmine
climax
whenKantfurtherdiscovered
una
a
moralfacultyinman—foratthat
tempo
time
Germanswerestillmoral,not
ancora
yet
dabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."
Thencame
la
the
honeymoonofGermanphilosophy.
Tutti
All
theyoungtheologiansof
i
the
Tubingeninstitutionwentimmediatelyinto
i
the
groves—allseekingfor"faculties."
E
And
whatdidtheynotfind—inthat
innocente
innocent
,rich,andstillyouthful
periodo
period
oftheGermanspirit,to
cui
which
Romanticism,themaliciousfairy,piped
e
and
sang,whenonecouldnot
ancora
yet
distinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!
Aboveall
una
a
facultyforthe"transcendental";
Schellingchristenedit,
intellettuale
intellectual
intuition,andtherebygratifiedthe
più
most
earnestlongingsofthe
naturalmente
naturally
pious-inclinedGermans.
Onecan
fare
do
nogreaterwrongtothewholeof
questo
this
exuberantandeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoary
e
and
senileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,
o
or
eventreatitwith
morale
moral
indignation.
Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,
e
and
thedreamvanished.
A
tempo
time
camewhenpeoplerubbedtheirforeheads,
e
and
theystillrubthem
oggi
today
.
Peoplehadbeendreaming,
e
and
firstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansof
un
a
means(faculty)"—hehadsaid,
o
or
atleastmeantto
dire
say
.
But,isthat—ananswer?
Una
An
explanation?
Orisitnot
piuttosto
rather
merelyarepetitionofthe
domanda
question
?
Howdoesopiuminduce
sonno
sleep
?
"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"
cioè
namely
thevirtusdormitiva,replies
il
the
doctorinMoliere,.
Butsuchreplies
appartengono
belong
totherealmof
commedia
comedy
,anditishightimeto
sostituire
replace
theKantianquestion,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"
byanother
domanda
question
,"Whyisbeliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishightime
che
that
weshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgments
devono
must
bebelievedtobetrue,forthe
bene
sake
ofthepreservationofcreatures
come
like
ourselves;
thoughtheystill
potrebbero
might
naturallybefalsejudgments!
O
Or
,moreplainlyspoken,and
approssimativamente
roughly
andreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriori
dovrebbero
should
not"bepossible"atall;
we
abbiamo
have
norighttothem;
inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Solo
Only
,ofcourse,thebeliefintheir
verità
truth
isnecessary,asplausible
credenza
belief
andocularevidencebelongingto
la
the
perspectiveviewoflife.
E
And
finally,tocalltomindtheenormous
influenza
influence
which"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyou
comprendiate
understand
itsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—has
esercitato
exercised
throughoutthewholeof
Europa
Europe
,thereisnodoubtthat
un
a
certainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhad
un
a
shareinit;
thankstoGerman
filosofia
philosophy
,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,
e
and
thepoliticalobscurantistsof
tutte
all
nations,tofindan
antidoto
antidote
tothestilloverwhelmingsensualism
che
which
overflowedfromthelast
secolo
century
intothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...