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Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Italian A1-B2 Translation Books

Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Italian A1-B2 Translation Books

Unlock the potential of this modern translation approach, designed to enhance your language learning experience. By allowing you to choose your difficulty level, it guarantees a personalized challenge that's suited to your progress. This method promotes comprehension by encouraging you to infer the meaning of new words from context, rather than relying heavily on direct translations. Though some translations are obscured to stimulate guessing, it's perfectly fine to consult a dictionary when needed. This technique combines challenge and support, making language learning fun and effective. Explore these translated classics to enjoy literature while advancing your language skills.

PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthis
una
awoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundfor
sospettare
suspectingthatallphilosophers,insofarasthey
hanno
havebeendogmatists,havefailedto
capire
understandwomen—thattheterribleseriousness
e
andclumsyimportunitywithwhichthey
hanno
haveusuallypaidtheiraddressesto
Verità
Truth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinning
una
awoman?
Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;
e
andatpresenteverykindofdogmastandswith
triste
sadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!
For
ci
therearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,that
tutto
alldogmaliesontheground—naymore,thatitisatits
ultimo
lastgasp.
Buttospeak
seriamente
seriously,therearegoodgroundsforhoping
che
thatalldogmatizinginphilosophy,whatever
solenne
solemn,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsit
abbia
hasassumed,mayhavebeen
solo
onlyanoblepuerilismandtyronism;
e
andprobablythetimeisathandwhenitwillbe
volta
onceandagainunderstoodWHAT
hanno
hasactuallysufficedforthebasisofsuchimposing
e
andabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatists
hanno
havehithertoreared:
perhapssome
popolare
popularsuperstitionofimmemorialtime(suchas
la
thesoul-superstition,which,inthe
forma
formofsubject-
andego-superstition,
ha
hasnotyetceaseddoingmischief):
forse
perhapssomeplayuponwords,a
inganno
deceptiononthepartof
grammatica
grammar,oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.
The
filosofia
philosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,was
solo
onlyapromiseforthousandsofyears
dopo
afterwards,aswasastrologyin
ancora
stillearliertimes,inthe
servizio
serviceofwhichprobablymorelabour,
oro
gold,acuteness,andpatiencehavebeen
spesi
spentthanonanyactual
scienza
sciencehitherto:
weowetoit,
e
andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsia
e
andEgypt,thegrandstyleofarchitecture.
It
sembra
seemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesuponthe
cuore
heartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,
tutte
allgreatthingshavefirstto
vagare
wanderabouttheearthasenormous
e
andawe-inspiringcaricatures:
dogmaticphilosophyhasbeen
una
acaricatureofthiskind—for
esempio
instance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,
e
andPlatonisminEurope.
Letusnotbeungratefultoit,
sebbene
althoughitmustcertainlybe
confessare
confessedthattheworst,the
più
mosttiresome,andthemost
pericoloso
dangerousoferrorshithertohasbeen
un
adogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionof
Puro
PureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.
Ma
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,
quando
whenEurope,ridofthis
incubo
nightmare,canagaindrawbreath
liberamente
freelyandatleastenjoy
un
ahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthe
lotta
struggleagainstthiserrorhasfostered.
Itamountedtotheveryinversionof
verità
truth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—the
fondamentale
fundamentalcondition—oflife,tospeakof
Spirito
SpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;
indeedone
potrebbe
mightask,asaphysician:
"How
fatto
didsuchamaladyattackthatfinest
prodotto
productofantiquity,Plato?
Had
il
thewickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?
WasSocrates
dopo
afterallacorrupterofyouths,
e
anddeservedhishemlock?"
Butthe
lotta
struggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,
e
andforthe"people"—thestruggle
contro
againsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsof
Cristianesimo
Christianity(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),
prodotto
producedinEuropeamagnificent
tensione
tensionofsoul,suchas
ha
hadnotexistedanywherepreviously;
withsuchatenselystrained
arco
bowonecannowaimatthefurthestgoals.
Asamatteroffact,theEuropean
sente
feelsthistensionasa
stato
stateofdistress,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadein
grande
grandstyletounbendthebow:
volta
oncebymeansofJesuitism,
e
andthesecondtimebymeansof
democratico
democraticenlightenment—which,withtheaidof
libertà
libertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,
potrebbe
might,infact,bringitabout
che
thatthespiritwouldnotso
facilmente
easilyfinditselfin"distress"!
La
(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcreditto
loro
them!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—they
inventato
inventedprinting.)
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,nor
nemmeno
evensufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,
e
andfree,VERYfreespirits—wehaveit
ancora
still,allthedistressof
spirito
spiritandallthetensionofits
arco
bow!
Andperhapsalsothe
freccia
arrow,theduty,and,who
sa
knows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
Capitolo
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
The
Volontà
WilltoTruth,whichisto
tenta
temptustomanyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhich
tutti
allphilosophershavehithertospokenwith
rispetto
respect,whatquestionshasthis
Volontà
WilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeus!
Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itisalready
una
alongstory;
yetit
sembra
seemsasifitwere
appena
hardlycommenced.
Isitany
stupirsi
wonderifweatlastgrowdistrustful,
perdiamo
losepatience,andturnimpatientlyaway?
Che
ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlasttoaskquestionsourselves?
Chi
WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstous
qui
here?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?
Infactwemadea
lungo
longhaltatthequestionastotheoriginof
questa
thisWill—untilatlastwecametoanabsolutestandstillbeforea
ancora
yetmorefundamentalquestion.
We
informati
inquiredabouttheVALUEof
questo
thisWill.
Grantedthatwewant
la
thetruth:
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
E
Anduncertainty?
Evenignorance?
The
problema
problemofthevalueof
verità
truthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewho
presentato
presentedourselvesbeforetheproblem?
Quale
WhichofusistheOedipus
qui
here?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwould
sembra
seemtobearendezvousofquestions
e
andnotesofinterrogation.
Andcoulditbe
credere
believedthatitatlast
sembri
seemstousasifthe
problema
problemhadneverbeenpropoundedbefore,as
se
ifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,
e
andRISKRAISINGit?
Forthereis
rischio
riskinraisingit,perhapsthereis
non
nogreaterrisk.
2.
"HOWCOULD
qualcosa
anythingoriginateoutofits
opposto
opposite?
Forexample,truthoutoferror?
o
ortheWilltoTruthoutof
la
thewilltodeception?
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?
o
orthepuresun-brightvisionof
la
thewisemanoutofcovetousness?
Tale
Suchgenesisisimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitisafool,
anzi
nay,worsethanafool;
thingsofthehighest
valore
valuemusthaveadifferentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—in
questo
thistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltry
mondo
world,inthisturmoilof
illusione
delusionandcupidity,theycannot
avere
havetheirsource.
ButratherinthelapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealed
Dio
God,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheir
fonte
source,andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeofreasoning
rivela
disclosesthetypicalprejudiceby
cui
whichmetaphysiciansofalltimescanberecognized,
questo
thismodeofvaluationisatthebackofalltheir
logico
logicalprocedure;
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"for
qualcosa
somethingthatisinthe
fine
endsolemnlychristened"theTruth."
La
Thefundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansis
La
THEBELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.
Itneveroccurred
nemmeno
eventothewariestofthemto
dubitare
doubthereonthevery
soglia
threshold(wheredoubt,however,was
più
mostnecessary);
thoughtheyhad
fatto
madeasolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."
Foritmaybe
dubitare
doubted,firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;
e
andsecondly,whetherthepopularvaluations
e
andantithesesofvalueupon
cui
whichmetaphysicianshavesettheir
sigillo
seal,arenotperhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,
semplicemente
merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeing
probabilmente
probablymadefromsomecorner,
forse
perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrow
un
anexpressioncurrentamongpainters.
Inspiteof
tutto
allthevaluewhichmay
appartenere
belongtothetrue,the
positivo
positive,andtheunselfish,it
potrebbe
mightbepossiblethatahigher
e
andmorefundamentalvaluefor
vita
lifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothe
volontà
willtodelusion,toselfishness,
e
andcupidity.
Itmightevenbe
possibile
possiblethatWHATconstitutesthe
valore
valueofthosegoodand
rispettate
respectedthings,consistspreciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,
e
andcrochetedtotheseevil
e
andapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeing
essenzialmente
essentiallyidenticalwiththem.
Perhaps!
Ma
Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
For
che
thatinvestigationonemustawaittheadventofa
nuovo
neworderofphilosophers,suchaswill
avranno
haveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthe
pericoloso
dangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseofthe
termine
term.
Andtospeakinall
serietà
seriousness,Iseesuchnewphilosophersbeginningto
apparire
appear.
3.
Havingkeptasharp
occhio
eyeonphilosophers,andhaving
letto
readbetweentheirlineslong
abbastanza
enough,Inowsaytomyself
che
thatthegreaterpartof
cosciente
consciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,
e
anditissoeveninthe
caso
caseofphilosophicalthinking;
onehas
qui
heretolearnanew,asonelearnedanewaboutheredity
e
and"innateness."
Aslittleastheactof
nascita
birthcomesintoconsiderationinthewhole
processo
processandprocedureofheredity,justas
poco
littleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinany
decisivo
decisivesense;
thegreaterpartof
la
theconsciousthinkingofa
filosofo
philosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,
e
andforcedintodefinitechannels.
E
Andbehindalllogicanditsseeming
sovranità
sovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,
o
ortospeakmoreplainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceof
un
adefinitemodeoflifeFor
esempio
example,thatthecertainis
vale
worthmorethantheuncertain,thatillusionis
meno
lessvaluablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforUS,mightnotwithstandingbe
solo
onlysuperficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.
Supponendo
Supposing,ineffect,thatmanisnot
solo
justthe"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessof
un
anopinionisnotforusany
obiezione
objectiontoit:
itis
qui
here,perhaps,thatournew
lingua
languagesoundsmoststrangely.
The
questione
questionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,
forse
perhapsspecies-rearing,andweare
fondamentalmente
fundamentallyinclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsapriori
appartengono
belong),arethemostindispensabletous,that
senza
withoutarecognitionoflogicalfictions,
senza
withoutacomparisonofrealitywiththe
puramente
purelyIMAGINEDworldoftheabsolute
e
andimmutable,withoutaconstantcounterfeitingofthe
mondo
worldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationof
vita
life,anegationoflife.
TO
Riconoscere
RECOGNISEUNTRUTHASACONDITIONOF
Vita
LIFE;
thatiscertainlytoimpugn
le
thetraditionalideasofvaluein
una
adangerousmanner,anda
filosofia
philosophywhichventurestodoso,
ha
hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyond
bene
goodandevil.
5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstobe
considerare
regardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscovery
quanto
howinnocenttheyare—howoften
e
andeasilytheymakemistakes
e
andlosetheirway,in
breve
short,howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnot
abbastanza
enoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereasthey
tutti
allraisealoudand
virtuoso
virtuousoutcrywhentheproblemoftruthfulnessiseven
accennato
hintedatintheremotestmanner.
They
tutti
allposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscovered
e
andattainedthroughtheself-evolvingofacold,pure,divinely
indifferente
indifferentdialectic(incontrastto
tutti
allsortsofmystics,who,fairer
e
andfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,in
realtà
fact,aprejudicedproposition,idea,
o
or"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart's
desiderio
desireabstractedandrefined,is
difeso
defendedbythemwithargumentssoughtout
dopo
aftertheevent.
Theyare
tutti
alladvocateswhodonot
desiderano
wishtoberegardedassuch,
generalmente
generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingthe
coscienza
consciencewhichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegood
gusto
tasteofthecouragewhich
va
goessofarastolet
questo
thisbeunderstood,perhapsto
avvertire
warnfriendorfoe,orincheerful
fiducia
confidenceandself-ridicule.
Thespectacleof
i
theTartufferyofoldKant,equally
rigido
stiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusinto
i
thedialecticby-waysthatlead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousones
sorridere
smile,wewhofindno
piccolo
smallamusementinspyingout
i
thesubtletricksofoldmoralists
e
andethicalpreachers.
Or,still
più
moreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematical
forma
form,bymeansofwhichSpinoza
ha
has,asitwere,cladhis
filosofia
philosophyinmailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"to
tradurre
translatethetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebyto
colpire
striketerroratonceintothe
cuore
heartoftheassailantwhoshould
oserebbe
daretocastaglanceonthat
invincibile
invinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidity
e
andvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeof
un
asicklyreclusebetray!
6.
Ithas
gradualmente
graduallybecomecleartomewhat
ogni
everygreatphilosophyuptill
ora
nowhasconsistedof—namely,the
confessione
confessionofitsoriginator,and
una
aspeciesofinvoluntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;
e
andmoreoverthatthemoral(orimmoral)
scopo
purposeineveryphilosophyhasconstituted
il
thetruevitalgermoutofwhich
il
theentireplanthasalwaysgrown.
Indeed,to
capire
understandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsof
un
aphilosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itis
sempre
alwayswell(andwise)to
prima
firstaskoneself:
"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)
mirano
aimat?"
Accordingly,Idonot
credo
believethatan"impulsetoknowledge"is
il
thefatherofphilosophy;
but
che
thatanotherimpulse,hereas
altrove
elsewhere,hasonlymadeuseof
conoscenza
knowledge(andmistakenknowledge!)
asan
strumento
instrument.
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofmanwithaviewto
determinare
determininghowfartheymay
hanno
havehereactedasINSPIRINGGENII
O
(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfind
che
thattheyhaveallpracticed
filosofia
philosophyatonetimeoranother,
e
andthateachoneofthemwould
hanno
havebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfasthe
ultimo
ultimateendofexistenceandthe
legittimo
legitimateLORDoverallthe
altri
otherimpulses.
Foreveryimpulseisimperious,
e
andasSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.
Tobesure,inthe
caso
caseofscholars,inthe
caso
caseofreallyscientificmen,itmaybeotherwise—"better,"
se
ifyouwill;
theretheremay
davvero
reallybesuchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindof
piccolo
small,independentclock-work,which,whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothat
fine
end,WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulses
prendono
takinganymaterialparttherein.
Theactual"interests"ofthe
studioso
scholar,therefore,aregenerallyinquiteanotherdirection—inthe
famiglia
family,perhaps,orinmoney-making,
o
orinpolitics;
itis,in
infatti
fact,almostindifferentatwhat
punto
pointofresearchhislittle
macchina
machineisplaced,andwhetherthehopeful
giovane
youngworkerbecomesagoodphilologist,
un
amushroomspecialist,ora
chimico
chemist;
heisnotCHARACTERISEDby
diventare
becomingthisorthat.
Inthe
filosofo
philosopher,onthecontrary,thereis
assolutamente
absolutelynothingimpersonal;
andaboveall,his
moralità
moralityfurnishesadecidedanddecisive
testimonianza
testimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhat
ordine
orderthedeepestimpulsesofhis
natura
naturestandtoeachother.
7.
Come
Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!
Iknowof
nulla
nothingmorestingingthanthejokeEpicurus
prese
tookthelibertyofmakingonPlato
e
andthePlatonists;
hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Inits
originale
originalsense,andonthe
faccia
faceofit,thewordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessories
e
andlick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisasmuchasto
dire
say,"TheyareallACTORS,thereis
nulla
nothinggenuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasa
popolare
popularnameforanactor).
E
Andthelatterisreally
il
themalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:
hewas
infastidito
annoyedbythegrandiosemanner,
i
themiseenscenestyleof
cui
whichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—of
cui
whichEpicuruswasnota
maestro
master!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,who
sedeva
satconcealedinhislittle
giardino
gardenatAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,
forse
perhapsoutofrageandambitious
invidia
envyofPlato,whoknows!
Greecetooka
cento
hundredyearstofindout
chi
whothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereis
un
apointineveryphilosophyat
cui
whichthe"conviction"ofthe
filosofo
philosopherappearsonthescene;
o
or,toputitin
le
thewordsofanancient
mistero
mystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
Youdesireto
Vivere
LIVE"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,younobleStoics,what
frode
fraudofwords!
Imaginetoyourselves
un
abeinglikeNature,boundlessly
stravagante
extravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurpose
o
orconsideration,withoutpityor
giustizia
justice,atoncefruitfuland
sterile
barrenanduncertain:
imaginetoyourselves
Indifferenza
INDIFFERENCEasapower—howCOULDyou
vivere
liveinaccordancewithsuch
indifferenza
indifference?
Tolive—isnotthat
solo
justendeavouringtobeotherwisethan
questa
thisNature?
Isnotlivingvaluing,
preferire
preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
E
Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"living
secondo
accordingtoNature,"meansactuallythesameas"living
secondo
accordingtolife"—howcouldyou
fare
doDIFFERENTLY?
Whyshouldyou
fare
makeaprincipleoutofwhatyouyourselvesare,
e
andmustbe?
Inreality,
però
however,itisquiteotherwisewithyou:
mentre
whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethe
canone
canonofyourlawin
Natura
Nature,youwantsomethingquitethe
contrario
contrary,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!
Inyour
orgoglio
prideyouwishtodictateyourmorals
e
andidealstoNature,to
Natura
Natureherself,andtoincorporatethemtherein;
you
insisti
insistthatitshallbe
Natura
Nature"accordingtotheStoa,"
e
andwouldlikeeverythingtobe
fatto
madeafteryourownimage,as
una
avast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!
With
tutto
allyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvesso
lungo
long,sopersistently,andwith
tale
suchhypnoticrigiditytosee
Natura
NatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,
che
thatyouarenolongerableto
vedere
seeitotherwise—andtocrown
tutto
all,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamite
speranza
hopethatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalso
permetterà
allowherselftobetyrannizedover:
isnottheStoica
Parte
PARTofNature?...
Butthisis
una
anoldandeverlastingstory:
whathappenedinoldtimeswiththeStoics
ancora
stillhappenstoday,assoonasever
una
aphilosophybeginstobelieveinitself.
It
sempre
alwayscreatestheworldinitsownimage;
itcannot
fare
dootherwise;
philosophyisthistyrannical
impulso
impulseitself,themostspiritual
Volontà
WilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"the
volontà
willtothecausaprima.
10.
Theeagerness
e
andsubtlety,Ishouldeven
dire
saycraftiness,withwhichthe
problema
problemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithat
attualmente
presentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthought
e
andattention;
andhewho
sente
hearsonlya"WilltoTruth"in
le
thebackground,andnothingelse,cannot
certamente
certainlyboastofthesharpestears.
Inrare
e
andisolatedcases,itmay
davvero
reallyhavehappenedthatsucha
Volontà
WilltoTruth—acertainextravagant
e
andadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionoftheforlornhope—has
partecipato
participatedtherein:
thatwhichinthe
fine
endalwaysprefersahandfulof"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;
ci
theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsof
coscienza
conscience,whoprefertoputtheirlast
fiducia
trustinasurenothing,
piuttosto
ratherthaninanuncertain
qualcosa
something.
ButthatisNihilism,
e
andthesignofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstanding
il
thecourageousbearingsucha
virtù
virtuemaydisplay.
Itseems,however,tobe
diversamente
otherwisewithstrongerandlivelierthinkers
che
whoarestilleagerfor
vita
life.
Inthattheyside
Contro
AGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthe
credibilità
credibilityoftheirownbodies
circa
aboutaslowasthe
credibilità
credibilityoftheocularevidencethat"the
terra
earthstandsstill,"andthus,
apparentemente
apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurest
possesso
possessiontoescape(forwhatdoesoneat
attualmente
presentbelieveinmorefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—who
sa
knowsiftheyarenotreallytryingtowinback
qualcosa
somethingwhichwasformerlyan
ancora
evensecurerpossession,somethingofthe
vecchio
olddomainofthefaithofformertimes,
forse
perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"the
vecchio
oldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichtheycould
vivere
livebetter,thatistosay,
più
morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?
ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasin
questo
thismodeoflookingatthings,
una
adisbeliefinallthathasbeen
costruito
constructedyesterdayandtoday;
thereis
forse
perhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatiety
e
andscorn,whichcannolonger
sopportare
enduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasof
il
themostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismat
attualmente
presentthrowsonthemarket;
un
adisgustofthemorerefined
gusto
tasteatthevillage-fairmotleyness
e
andpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereis
nulla
nothingeithernewortrue,
tranne
exceptthismotleyness.
Thereinit
sembra
seemstomethatwe
dovremmo
shouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realists
e
andknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;
their
istinto
instinct,whichrepelsthemfromMODERN
realtà
reality,isunrefuted...
whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
La
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOT
che
thattheywishtogo"back,"
ma
butthattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.
Un
AlittleMOREstrength,swing,
coraggio
courage,andartisticpower,andthey
sarebbero
wouldbeOFF—andnotback!
11.
It
sembra
seemstomethatthereis
ovunque
everywhereanattemptatpresentto
deviare
divertattentionfromtheactual
influenza
influencewhichKantexercisedonGerman
filosofia
philosophy,andespeciallytoignoreprudently
il
thevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.
Kantwas
prima
firstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
withitinhis
mano
handhesaid:
"Thisis
la
themostdifficultthingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."
Letus
solo
onlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!
Hewas
orgoglioso
proudofhavingDISCOVEREDanew
facoltà
facultyinman,thefacultyofsynthetic
giudizio
judgmentapriori.
Grantingthathe
ingannato
deceivedhimselfinthismatter;
la
thedevelopmentandrapidflourishingofGerman
filosofia
philosophydependedneverthelessonhis
orgoglio
pride,andontheeagerrivalryof
la
theyoungergenerationtodiscover
se
ifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—of
cui
whichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso.
"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kant
chiede
askshimself—andwhatisreallyhis
risposta
answer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—but
purtroppo
unfortunatelynotinfivewords,
ma
butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwith
tale
suchdisplayofGermanprofundity
e
andverbalflourishes,thatone
del tutto
altogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedin
tale
suchananswer.
Peoplewerebesidethemselveswith
gioia
delightoverthisnewfaculty,
e
andthejubilationreachedits
culmine
climaxwhenKantfurtherdiscovered
una
amoralfacultyinman—foratthat
tempo
timeGermanswerestillmoral,not
ancora
yetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."
Thencame
la
thehoneymoonofGermanphilosophy.
Tutti
Alltheyoungtheologiansof
i
theTubingeninstitutionwentimmediatelyinto
i
thegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."
E
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthat
innocente
innocent,rich,andstillyouthful
periodo
periodoftheGermanspirit,to
cui
whichRomanticism,themaliciousfairy,piped
e
andsang,whenonecouldnot
ancora
yetdistinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!
Aboveall
una
afacultyforthe"transcendental";
Schellingchristenedit,
intellettuale
intellectualintuition,andtherebygratifiedthe
più
mostearnestlongingsofthe
naturalmente
naturallypious-inclinedGermans.
Onecan
fare
donogreaterwrongtothewholeof
questo
thisexuberantandeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoary
e
andsenileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,
o
oreventreatitwith
morale
moralindignation.
Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,
e
andthedreamvanished.
A
tempo
timecamewhenpeoplerubbedtheirforeheads,
e
andtheystillrubthem
oggi
today.
Peoplehadbeendreaming,
e
andfirstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansof
un
ameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,
o
oratleastmeantto
dire
say.
But,isthat—ananswer?
Una
Anexplanation?
Orisitnot
piuttosto
rathermerelyarepetitionofthe
domanda
question?
Howdoesopiuminduce
sonno
sleep?
"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"
cioè
namelythevirtusdormitiva,replies
il
thedoctorinMoliere,.
Butsuchreplies
appartengono
belongtotherealmof
commedia
comedy,anditishightimeto
sostituire
replacetheKantianquestion,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"
byanother
domanda
question,"Whyisbeliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishightime
che
thatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgments
devono
mustbebelievedtobetrue,forthe
bene
sakeofthepreservationofcreatures
come
likeourselves;
thoughtheystill
potrebbero
mightnaturallybefalsejudgments!
O
Or,moreplainlyspoken,and
approssimativamente
roughlyandreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriori
dovrebbero
shouldnot"bepossible"atall;
we
abbiamo
havenorighttothem;
inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Solo
Only,ofcourse,thebeliefintheir
verità
truthisnecessary,asplausible
credenza
beliefandocularevidencebelongingto
la
theperspectiveviewoflife.
E
Andfinally,tocalltomindtheenormous
influenza
influencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyou
comprendiate
understanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—has
esercitato
exercisedthroughoutthewholeof
Europa
Europe,thereisnodoubtthat
un
acertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhad
un
ashareinit;
thankstoGerman
filosofia
philosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,
e
andthepoliticalobscurantistsof
tutte
allnations,tofindan
antidoto
antidotetothestilloverwhelmingsensualism
che
whichoverflowedfromthelast
secolo
centuryintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...