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Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Indonesian B2

Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Indonesian B2

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PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundforsuspectingthatallphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtounderstandwomen—thattheterrible
keseriusan
seriousnessandclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhaveusuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinningawoman?
Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;
andatpresenteverykindofdogmastandswithsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!
Fortherearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,thatalldogmaliesontheground—naymore,thatitisatitslastgasp.
Buttospeakseriously,therearegoodgroundsforhopingthatalldogmatizingin
filsafat
philosophy,whateversolemn,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,mayhavebeenonlya
mulia
noblepuerilismandtyronism;
andprobablythetimeisathandwhenitwillbeonceandagainunderstoodWHAThasactuallysufficedforthe
dasar
basisofsuchimposingand
mutlak
absolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistshavehithertoreared:
perhapssomepopular
takhayul
superstitionofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheformofsubject-
andego-superstition,hasnotyet
berhenti
ceaseddoingmischief):
perhapssomeplayuponwords,a
penipuan
deceptiononthepartof
tata bahasa
grammar,oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.
The
filsafat
philosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,wasonlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyinstillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhichprobablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,and
kesabaran
patiencehavebeenspentthanonanyactualsciencehitherto:
weowetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,thegrandstyleof
arsitektur
architecture.
Itseemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesupontheheartof
umat manusia
humanitywitheverlastingclaims,allgreatthingshavefirstto
mengembara
wanderabouttheearthasenormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:
dogmatic
filsafat
philosophyhasbeenacaricatureofthiskind—for
misalnya
instance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,andPlatonisminEurope.
Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughitmustcertainlybeconfessedthattheworst,themost
melelahkan
tiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenadogmatisterror—namely,Plato's
penemuan
inventionofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,canagaindrawbreath
bebas
freelyandatleastenjoyahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthestruggleagainstthis
kesalahan
errorhasfostered.
Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—oflife,tospeakofSpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;
indeedonemightask,asa
dokter
physician:
"Howdidsuchamaladyattackthat
terbaik
finestproductofantiquity,Plato?
Hadthe
jahat
wickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?
WasSocratesafterallacorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"
ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,andforthe"people"—thestruggleagainsttheecclesiastical
penindasan
oppressionofmillenniumsofChristianity(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),
menghasilkan
producedinEuropeamagnificent
ketegangan
tensionofsoul,suchashadnotexistedanywhere
sebelumnya
previously;
withsuchatenselystrainedbowonecannowaimatthefurthestgoals.
Asamatteroffact,the
Eropa
Europeanfeelsthistensionasastateofdistress,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:
oncebymeansofJesuitism,andthesecondtimebymeansof
demokratis
democraticenlightenment—which,withtheaidof
kebebasan
libertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,might,infact,bringitaboutthatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!
(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcredittothem!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinventedprinting.)
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,noreven
cukup
sufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,andfree,VERYfreespirits—wehaveitstill,allthe
kesusahan
distressofspiritandallthe
ketegangan
tensionofitsbow!
Andperhapsalsothe
panah
arrow,theduty,and,whoknows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
Bab
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
TheWilltoTruth,whichisto
menggoda
temptustomanya
berbahaya
hazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhichallphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshasthisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeus!
Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itisalreadyalongstory;
yetitseemsasifitwerehardlycommenced.
Isitanywonderifweatlastgrowdistrustful,lose
kesabaran
patience,andturnimpatientlyaway?
ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlasttoaskquestionsourselves?
WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstoushere?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?
Infactwemadealong
berhenti
haltatthequestionastotheoriginofthisWill—untilatlastwecametoan
mutlak
absolutestandstillbeforeayetmore
mendasar
fundamentalquestion.
WeinquiredabouttheVALUEofthisWill.
Grantedthatwewantthetruth:
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
And
ketidakpastian
uncertainty?
Evenignorance?
Theproblemofthevalueoftruthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewhopresentedourselvesbeforetheproblem?
WhichofusistheOedipushere?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobearendezvousofquestionsandnotesof
interogasi
interrogation.
Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousasiftheproblemhadneverbeenpropoundedbefore,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,andRISKRAISINGit?
Forthereisriskinraisingit,perhapsthereisnogreaterrisk.
2.
"HOWCOULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,truthoutof
kesalahan
error?
ortheWilltoTruthoutofthewillto
penipuan
deception?
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?
orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewisemanoutofcovetousness?
Suchgenesisisimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitisafool,nay,worsethanafool;
thingsofthehighestvaluemusthaveadifferent
asal
origin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inthistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryworld,inthis
kekacauan
turmoilofdelusionandcupidity,theycannothavetheirsource.
Butratherinthe
pangkuan
lapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealedGod,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,andnowhereelse!"—This
mode
modeofreasoningdisclosesthe
khas
typicalprejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofalltimescanberecognized,this
mode
modeofvaluationisatthebackofalltheir
logis
logicalprocedure;
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,they
mengerahkan
exertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forsomethingthatisintheendsolemnlychristened"theTruth."
The
mendasar
fundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansisTHE
Kepercayaan
BELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.
Itnever
terjadi
occurredeventothewariestofthemtodoubthereonthevery
ambang
threshold(wheredoubt,however,wasmostnecessary);
thoughtheyhadmadeasolemn
sumpah
vow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."
Foritmaybedoubted,
pertama
firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;
and
kedua
secondly,whetherthepopularvaluationsandantithesesofvalueuponwhichmetaphysicianshavesettheir
segel
seal,arenotperhapsmerely
dangkal
superficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomecorner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowan
ekspresi
expressioncurrentamongpainters.
Inspiteofallthevaluewhichmaybelongtothetrue,thepositive,andtheunselfish,itmightbepossiblethatahigherandmore
mendasar
fundamentalvalueforlifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothewilltodelusion,to
keegoisan
selfishness,andcupidity.
ItmightevenbepossiblethatWHAT
merupakan
constitutesthevalueofthosegoodandrespectedthings,consists
tepat
preciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,andcrochetedtotheseevilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeing
pada dasarnya
essentiallyidenticalwiththem.
Perhaps!
Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
Forthatinvestigationonemust
menunggu
awaittheadventofaneworderofphilosophers,suchaswillhaveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseoftheterm.
Andtospeakinallseriousness,Iseesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.
3.
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,andhavingreadbetweentheirlineslongenough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreaterpartof
sadar
consciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,anditissoeveninthecaseof
filosofis
philosophicalthinking;
onehasheretolearnanew,asonelearnedanewaboutheredityand"innateness."
Aslittleastheactofbirthcomesinto
dipertimbangkan
considerationinthewholeprocessand
prosedur
procedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinany
menentukan
decisivesense;
thegreaterpartofthe
sadar
consciousthinkingofaphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,andforcedintodefinitechannels.
Andbehindall
logika
logicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,ortospeakmore
jelas
plainly,physiologicaldemands,forthe
pemeliharaan
maintenanceofadefinitemodeoflifeForexample,thatthecertainisworthmorethantheuncertain,that
ilusi
illusionislessvaluablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforUS,mightnotwithstandingbeonly
dangkal
superficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthe
pemeliharaan
maintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.
Supposing,ineffect,thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessofanopinionisnotforusany
keberatan
objectiontoit:
itishere,perhaps,thatournewlanguagesoundsmost
aneh
strangely.
Thequestionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),arethemostindispensabletous,thatwithouta
pengakuan
recognitionoflogicalfictions,withouta
perbandingan
comparisonofrealitywiththe
murni
purelyIMAGINEDworldofthe
mutlak
absoluteandimmutable,withouta
menerus
constantcounterfeitingoftheworldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.
TORECOGNISEUNTRUTHASACONDITIONOFLIFE;
thatiscertainlytoimpugnthe
tradisional
traditionalideasofvalueinadangerous
cara
manner,andaphilosophywhichventurestodoso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyondgoodandevil.
5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeated
penemuan
discoveryhowinnocenttheyare—howoftenandeasilytheymakemistakesandlosetheirway,inshort,howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnotenoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereastheyallraisealoudandvirtuousoutcrywhentheproblemoftruthfulnessisevenhintedatintheremotestmanner.
Theyallposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredandattainedthroughtheself-evolvingofacold,pure,divinely
peduli
indifferentdialectic(incontrasttoallsortsofmystics,who,fairerandfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,infact,aprejudiced
proposisi
proposition,idea,or"suggestion,"whichis
umumnya
generallytheirheart'sdesireabstractedandrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutaftertheevent.
Theyarealladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,
umumnya
generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingtheconsciencewhich
berani
bravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegoodtasteofthecouragewhichgoessofarastoletthisbeunderstood,perhapstowarnfriendor
musuh
foe,orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.
ThespectacleoftheTartufferyofoldKant,
sama
equallystiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(more
benar
correctlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewhofindnosmall
hiburan
amusementinspyingoutthe
halus
subtletricksofoldmoralistsand
etis
ethicalpreachers.
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusin
matematika
mathematicalform,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhisphilosophyinmailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"to
menerjemahkan
translatethetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebytostrike
teror
terroratonceintotheheartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocasta
pandangan
glanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofasicklyrecluse
mengkhianati
betray!
6.
Ithasgraduallybecomecleartomewhateverygreat
filsafat
philosophyuptillnowhasconsistedof—namely,the
pengakuan
confessionofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofinvoluntaryand
sadar
unconsciousauto-biography;
andmoreoverthatthe
moral
moral(orimmoral)purposeinevery
filsafat
philosophyhasconstitutedthetruevital
kuman
germoutofwhichtheentireplanthasalwaysgrown.
Indeed,tounderstandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofa
filsuf
philosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itisalwayswell(andwise)tofirstaskoneself:
"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Accordingly,Idonotbelievethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthefatherof
filsafat
philosophy;
butthatanotherimpulse,hereaselsewhere,hasonlymadeuseofknowledge(andmistakenknowledge!)
asan
instrumen
instrument.
Butwhoeverconsidersthe
dasar
fundamentalimpulsesofmanwithaviewto
menentukan
determininghowfartheymayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENII(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfindthattheyhaveallpracticed
filsafat
philosophyatonetimeoranother,andthateachoneofthemwouldhavebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfastheultimateendof
keberadaan
existenceandthelegitimateLORDoveralltheotherimpulses.
Forevery
dorongan
impulseisimperious,andasSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.
Tobesure,inthecaseofscholars,inthecaseofreally
ilmiah
scientificmen,itmaybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;
theretheremayreallybesuchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindofsmall,
independen
independentclock-work,which,whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialpart
dalamnya
therein.
Theactual"interests"ofthescholar,therefore,are
umumnya
generallyinquiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;
itis,infact,almost
peduli
indifferentatwhatpointofresearchhislittlemachineisplaced,andwhetherthehopefulyoung
pekerja
workerbecomesagoodphilologist,a
jamur
mushroomspecialist,orachemist;
heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecomingthisorthat.
Inthe
filsuf
philosopher,onthecontrary,thereisabsolutelynothingimpersonal;
andaboveall,hismoralityfurnishesadecidedanddecisive
kesaksian
testimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhatorderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnaturestandtoeachother.
7.
Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!
IknowofnothingmorestingingthanthejokeEpicurustookthe
kebebasan
libertyofmakingonPlatoandthePlatonists;
hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,andonthefaceofit,thewordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesandlick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisasmuchastosay,"TheyareallACTORS,thereisnothing
asli
genuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopularnameforanactor).
Andthe
terakhir
latterisreallythemalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:
hewasannoyedbythegrandiose
cara
manner,themiseenscenestyleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofwhichEpicuruswasnotamaster!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,perhapsoutof
kemarahan
rageandambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!
Greecetookahundredyearstofindoutwhothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereisapointinevery
filsafat
philosophyatwhichthe"conviction"ofthe
filsuf
philosopherappearsonthescene;
or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
YoudesiretoLIVE"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,you
mulia
nobleStoics,whatfraudofwords!
ImaginetoyourselvesabeinglikeNature,boundlessly
boros
extravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurposeor
pertimbangan
consideration,withoutpityorjustice,atonce
berbuah
fruitfulandbarrenanduncertain:
imaginetoyourselves
Ketidakpedulian
INDIFFERENCEasapower—howCOULDyoulivein
sesuai
accordancewithsuchindifference?
Tolive—isnotthatjustendeavouringtobeotherwisethanthisNature?
Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"meansactuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—howcouldyoudo
Berbeda
DIFFERENTLY?
Whyshouldyoumakea
prinsip
principleoutofwhatyouyourselvesare,andmustbe?
Inreality,however,itisquiteotherwisewithyou:
whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethe
kanon
canonofyourlawinNature,youwantsomethingquitethe
sebaliknya
contrary,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!
Inyourprideyouwishto
mendikte
dictateyourmoralsandidealstoNature,toNatureherself,andtoincorporatethem
dalamnya
therein;
youinsistthatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"andwouldlikeeverythingtobemadeafteryourownimage,asa
luas
vast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!
Withallyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvessolong,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoseeNatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,thatyouarenolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andto
mahkota
crownall,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamitehopethatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:
isnottheStoicaPARTofNature?...
Butthisisanoldand
abadi
everlastingstory:
whathappenedinoldtimeswiththeStoicsstillhappenstoday,assoonasevera
filsafat
philosophybeginstobelieveinitself.
Italwayscreatestheworldinitsownimage;
itcannotdootherwise;
filsafat
philosophyisthistyrannicalimpulseitself,themostspiritualWilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausaprima.
10.
Theeagernessandsubtlety,Ishouldevensaycraftiness,withwhichtheproblemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthoughtandattention;
andhewhohearsonlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,andnothingelse,cannotcertainly
membanggakan
boastofthesharpestears.
Inrareandisolatedcases,itmayreallyhavehappenedthatsuchaWilltoTruth—acertain
berlebihan
extravagantandadventurouspluck,ametaphysician's
ambisi
ambitionoftheforlornhope—hasparticipated
dalamnya
therein:
thatwhichintheendalwaysprefersa
segelintir
handfulof"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;
theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsofconscience,whoprefertoputtheirlasttrustinasurenothing,ratherthaninanuncertainsomething.
ButthatisNihilism,andthesignofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingsucha
kebajikan
virtuemaydisplay.
Itseems,however,tobeotherwisewithstrongerandlivelierthinkerswhoarestill
bersemangat
eagerforlife.
InthattheysideAGAINST
penampilan
appearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthe
kredibilitas
credibilityoftheirownbodiesaboutaslowasthe
kredibilitas
credibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurest
kepemilikan
possessiontoescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinmorefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsiftheyarenotreallytryingtowinbacksomethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurer
kepemilikan
possession,somethingoftheold
domain
domainofthefaithofformertimes,perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichtheycouldlivebetter,thatistosay,morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?
Thereis
Ketidakpercayaan
DISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthismodeoflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallthathasbeenconstructedyesterdayandtoday;
thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatietyandscorn,whichcannolongerenduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthemostvaried
asal
origin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;
a
jijik
disgustofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessandpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisnothingeithernewortrue,exceptthismotleyness.
Thereinitseemstomethatweshouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsandknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;
their
naluri
instinct,whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...
whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOTthattheywishtogo"back,"butthattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.
AlittleMOREstrength,swing,courage,and
artistik
artisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!
11.
Itseemstomethatthereiseverywhereanattemptatpresentto
mengalihkan
divertattentionfromtheactual
pengaruh
influencewhichKantexercisedonGerman
filsafat
philosophy,andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.
Kantwasfirstand
terpenting
foremostproudofhisTableofCategories;
withitinhishandhesaid:
"Thisisthemostdifficultthingthatcouldeverbeundertakenon
nama
behalfofmetaphysics."
Letusonlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!
Hewasproudofhaving
Menemukan
DISCOVEREDanewfacultyinman,the
fakultas
facultyofsyntheticjudgmentapriori.
Grantingthathe
menipu
deceivedhimselfinthismatter;
thedevelopmentand
pesat
rapidflourishingofGermanphilosophydependedneverthelessonhispride,andonthe
bersemangat
eagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationto
menemukan
discoverifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso.
"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatisreallyhisanswer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotinfivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuch
tampilan
displayofGermanprofundityand
verbal
verbalflourishes,thatonealtogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchananswer.
Peoplewerebesidethemselveswith
kegembiraan
delightoverthisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreacheditsclimaxwhenKantfurther
menemukan
discoveredamoralfacultyinman—foratthattimeGermanswerestill
moral
moral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."
Thencamethe
bulan madu
honeymoonofGermanphilosophy.
AlltheyoungtheologiansoftheTubingen
lembaga
institutionwentimmediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,andstill
muda
youthfulperiodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,the
jahat
maliciousfairy,pipedandsang,whenonecouldnotyet
membedakan
distinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!
Abovealla
fakultas
facultyforthe"transcendental";
Schellingchristenedit,
intelektual
intellectualintuition,andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthenaturallypious-inclinedGermans.
Onecandonogreaterwrongtothewholeofthisexuberantand
eksentrik
eccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoaryandsenileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,oreventreatitwith
moral
moralindignation.
Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,andthedreamvanished.
Atimecamewhenpeople
menggosok
rubbedtheirforeheads,andtheystill
menggosok
rubthemtoday.
Peoplehadbeendreaming,andfirstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansofameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,oratleastmeanttosay.
But,isthat—ananswer?
An
penjelasan
explanation?
Orisitnotrather
hanya
merelyarepetitionofthequestion?
Howdoesopium
menginduksi
inducesleep?
"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"
yaitu
namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthedoctorinMoliere,.
Butsuchrepliesbelongtothe
bidang
realmofcomedy,anditishightimeto
menggantikan
replacetheKantianquestion,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"
byanotherquestion,"Whyis
kepercayaan
beliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishightimethatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeofthe
pelestarian
preservationofcreatureslikeourselves;
thoughtheystillmightnaturallybefalsejudgments!
Or,more
jelas
plainlyspoken,androughlyandreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriorishouldnot"bepossible"atall;
wehavenorighttothem;
inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Only,ofcourse,the
kepercayaan
beliefintheirtruthisnecessary,as
masuk akal
plausiblebeliefandocularevidencebelongingtothe
perspektif
perspectiveviewoflife.
Andfinally,tocalltomindthe
besar
enormousinfluencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisnodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;
thankstoGerman
filsafat
philosophy,itwasadelighttothe
mulia
nobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,andthepoliticalobscurantistsofallnations,tofindanantidotetothestilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromthelastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...