PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundforsuspectingthatallphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtounderstandwomen—thattheterrible
गंभीरता
seriousnessandclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhaveusuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinningawoman?Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;
andatpresenteverykindofdogmastandswithsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!
Fortherearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,thatalldogmaliesontheground—naymore,thatitisatitslastgasp.
Buttospeakseriously,therearegoodgroundsforhopingthatalldogmatizingin
दर्शन
philosophy,whateversolemn,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,mayhavebeenonlyaमहान
noblepuerilismandtyronism;andprobablythetimeisathandwhenitwillbeonceandagainunderstoodWHAThasactuallysufficedforthe
आधार
basisofsuchimposingandनिरपेक्ष
absolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistshavehithertoreared:perhapssomepopular
अंधविश्वास
superstitionofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheformofsubject-andego-superstition,hasnotyetceaseddoingmischief):
perhapssomeplayuponwords,adeceptiononthepartof
व्याकरण
grammar,oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.The
दर्शन
philosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,wasonlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyinstillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhichprobablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,andधैर्य
patiencehavebeenspentthanonanyवास्तविक
actualsciencehitherto:weowetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,thegrandstyleof
वास्तुकला
architecture.Itseemsthatinordertoinscribethemselvesupontheheartof
मानवता
humanitywitheverlastingclaims,allgreatthingshavefirsttoभटकना
wanderabouttheearthasविशाल
enormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:dogmatic
दर्शन
philosophyhasbeenacaricatureofthiskind—forउदाहरण
instance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,andPlatonisminEurope.Letusnotbe
कृतघ्न
ungratefultoit,althoughitmustcertainlybeconfessedthattheworst,themostथकाऊ
tiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenadogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,canagaindrawbreathfreelyandatleastenjoyahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthestruggleagainstthis
त्रुटि
errorhasfostered.Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,andthe
इनकार
denialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—oflife,tospeakofSpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;indeedonemightask,asa
चिकित्सक
physician:"Howdidsuchamaladyattackthat
बेहतरीन
finestproductofantiquity,Plato?Hadthe
दुष्ट
wickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?WasSocratesafterallacorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"
ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,andforthe"people"—thestruggleagainsttheecclesiastical
उत्पीड़न
oppressionofmillenniumsofChristianity(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),producedinEuropeaशानदार
magnificenttensionofsoul,suchashadnotexistedanywhereपहले
previously;withsuchatensely
तनावपूर्ण
strainedbowonecannowaimatthefurthestgoals.Asamatteroffact,the
यूरोपीय
Europeanfeelsthistensionasastateofसंकट
distress,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:oncebymeansofJesuitism,andthesecondtimebymeansof
लोकतांत्रिक
democraticenlightenment—which,withtheaidofस्वतंत्रता
libertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,might,infact,bringitaboutthatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcredittothem!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinventedprinting.)
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,noreven
पर्याप्त
sufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,andfree,VERYfreespirits—wehaveitstill,alltheसंकट
distressofspiritandalltheतनाव
tensionofitsbow!Andperhapsalsothe
तीर
arrow,theduty,and,whoknows?THEGOALTOAIMAT....
अध्याय
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS1.
TheWilltoTruth,whichistotemptustomanya
खतरनाक
hazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofwhichallphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshasthisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeus!Whatstrange,perplexing,
संदिग्ध
questionablequestions!Itisalreadyalongstory;
yetitseemsasifitwerehardlycommenced.
Isitanywonderifweatlastgrowdistrustful,lose
धैर्य
patience,andturnimpatientlyaway?ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlasttoaskquestionsourselves?
WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstoushere?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?
Infactwemadealonghaltatthequestionastothe
उत्पत्ति
originofthisWill—untilatlastwecametoanपूर्ण
absolutestandstillbeforeayetmoreमौलिक
fundamentalquestion.WeinquiredabouttheVALUEofthisWill.
Grantedthatwewantthetruth:
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
And
अनिश्चितता
uncertainty?Evenignorance?
Theproblemofthevalueoftruthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwewhopresentedourselvesbeforetheproblem?
WhichofusistheOedipushere?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobearendezvousofquestionsandnotesof
पूछताछ
interrogation.Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousasiftheproblemhadneverbeenpropoundedbefore,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,andRISKRAISINGit?
Forthereisriskinraisingit,perhapsthereisnogreaterrisk.
2.
"HOWCOULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,truthoutof
त्रुटि
error?ortheWilltoTruthoutofthewillto
धोखे
deception?orthegenerousdeedoutof
स्वार्थ
selfishness?orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewisemanoutofcovetousness?
Such
उत्पत्ति
genesisisimpossible;whoeverdreamsofitisafool,nay,worsethanafool;
thingsofthehighestvaluemusthaveadifferent
उत्पत्ति
origin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inthistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryworld,inthisturmoilofभ्रम
delusionandcupidity,theycannothavetheirsource.Butratherinthe
गोद
lapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealedGod,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeofतर्क
reasoningdisclosesthetypicalprejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofalltimescanberecognized,thismodeofvaluationisatthebackofalltheirतार्किक
logicalprocedure;throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forsomethingthatisintheendsolemnlychristened"theTruth."
The
मौलिक
fundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansisTHEविश्वास
BELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.Itneveroccurredeventothewariestofthemtodoubthereontheverythreshold(wheredoubt,however,wasmostnecessary);
thoughtheyhadmadea
गंभीर
solemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."Foritmaybedoubted,
पहले
firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;andsecondly,whetherthepopularvaluationsandantithesesofvalueuponwhichmetaphysicianshavesettheir
मुहर
seal,arenotperhapsmerelyसतही
superficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomecorner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowanअभिव्यक्ति
expressioncurrentamongpainters.In
बावजूद
spiteofallthevaluewhichmaybelongtothetrue,thepositive,andtheunselfish,itmightbepossiblethatahigherandmoreमौलिक
fundamentalvalueforlifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothewilltoभ्रम
delusion,toselfishness,andcupidity.ItmightevenbepossiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofthosegoodandrespectedthings,consists
ठीक
preciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,andcrochetedtotheseevilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhapseveninbeingअनिवार्य
essentiallyidenticalwiththem.Perhaps!
Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
Forthatinvestigationonemust
प्रतीक्षा
awaittheadventofaneworderofphilosophers,suchaswillhaveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"ineverysenseoftheterm.Andtospeakinall
गंभीरता
seriousness,Iseesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.3.
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,andhavingreadbetweentheirlineslongenough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreaterpartof
सचेत
consciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,anditissoeveninthecaseofदार्शनिक
philosophicalthinking;onehasheretolearnanew,asonelearnedanewaboutheredityand"innateness."
Aslittleastheactofbirthcomesinto
विचार
considerationinthewholeprocessandprocedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinanyनिर्णायक
decisivesense;thegreaterpartofthe
सचेत
consciousthinkingofaphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,andforcedintoनिश्चित
definitechannels.Andbehindall
तर्क
logicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,ortospeakmoreplainly,physiologicaldemands,fortheरखरखाव
maintenanceofadefinitemodeoflifeForexample,thatthecertainisworthmorethantheअनिश्चित
uncertain,thatillusionislessमूल्यवान
valuablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeमहत्व
importanceforUS,mightnotwithstandingbeonlyसतही
superficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryfortheरखरखाव
maintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.Supposing,ineffect,thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessofanopinionisnotforusany
आपत्ति
objectiontoit:itishere,perhaps,thatournewlanguagesoundsmost
अजीब
strangely.Thequestionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),arethemost
अपरिहार्य
indispensabletous,thatwithoutaमान्यता
recognitionoflogicalfictions,withoutaतुलना
comparisonofrealitywiththeविशुद्ध
purelyIMAGINEDworldoftheपूर्ण
absoluteandimmutable,withoutaनिरंतर
constantcounterfeitingoftheworldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.TO
मान्यता
RECOGNISEUNTRUTHASACONDITIONOFLIFE;thatiscertainlytoimpugnthe
पारंपरिक
traditionalideasofvalueinadangerousतरीके
manner,andaphilosophywhichventurestodoso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyondgoodandevil.5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscoveryhowinnocenttheyare—howoftenandeasilytheymakemistakesandlosetheirway,inshort,how
बचकाना
childishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnotenoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereastheyallraisealoudandvirtuousoutcrywhentheproblemoftruthfulnessisevenhintedatintheremotestतरीके
manner.Theyallposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredandattainedthroughtheself-evolvingofacold,pure,divinely
उदासीन
indifferentdialectic(incontrasttoallsortsofmystics,who,fairerandfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,infact,aprejudicedप्रस्ताव
proposition,idea,or"suggestion,"whichisआम तौर पर
generallytheirheart'sdesireabstractedandrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutaftertheevent.Theyarealladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,
आम तौर पर
generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingtheविवेक
consciencewhichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegoodtasteofthecouragewhichgoessofarastoletthisbeunderstood,perhapstowarnfriendorदुश्मन
foe,orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.The
तमाशा
spectacleoftheTartufferyofoldKant,equallyकठोर
stiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(moreसही
correctlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewhofindnosmallमनोरंजन
amusementinspyingouttheसूक्ष्म
subtletricksofoldmoralistsandनैतिक
ethicalpreachers.Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusin
गणितीय
mathematicalform,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhisदर्शन
philosophyinmailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"toअनुवाद
translatethetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebytostrikeआतंक
terroratonceintotheheartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocastaनज़र
glanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofaबीमार
sicklyreclusebetray!6.
Ithasgraduallybecomecleartomewhateverygreat
दर्शन
philosophyuptillnowhasconsistedof—namely,theconfessionofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofअनैच्छिक
involuntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;andmoreoverthatthe
नैतिक
moral(orimmoral)purposeineveryदर्शन
philosophyhasconstitutedthetrueमहत्वपूर्ण
vitalgermoutofwhichtheentireplanthasalwaysgrown.Indeed,tounderstandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofa
दार्शनिक
philosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itisalwayswell(andwise)tofirstaskoneself:"What
नैतिकता
moralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"तदनुसार
Accordingly,Idonotbelievethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthefatherofदर्शन
philosophy;butthatanotherimpulse,hereas
कहीं
elsewhere,hasonlymadeuseofknowledge(andगलत
mistakenknowledge!)asaninstrument.
ButwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofmanwithaviewtodetermininghowfartheymayhavehereactedasINSPIRINGGENII(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfindthattheyhaveallpracticed
दर्शन
philosophyatonetimeoranother,andthateachoneofthemwouldhavebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfastheअंतिम
ultimateendofexistenceandtheवैध
legitimateLORDoveralltheotherimpulses.Forevery
आवेग
impulseisimperious,andasSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.Tobesure,inthecaseofscholars,inthecaseofreally
वैज्ञानिक
scientificmen,itmaybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;theretheremayreallybesuchathingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"somekindofsmall,
स्वतंत्र
independentclock-work,which,whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialparttherein.The
वास्तविक
actual"interests"ofthescholar,therefore,areआम तौर पर
generallyinquiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;itis,infact,almost
उदासीन
indifferentatwhatpointofresearchhislittlemachineisplaced,andwhetherthehopefulyoungकार्यकर्ता
workerbecomesagoodphilologist,aमशरूम
mushroomspecialist,orachemist;heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecomingthisorthat.
Inthe
दार्शनिक
philosopher,onthecontrary,thereisabsolutelynothingimpersonal;andaboveall,his
नैतिकता
moralityfurnishesadecidedandनिर्णायक
decisivetestimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhatorderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnaturestandtoeachother.7.
How
दुर्भावनापूर्ण
maliciousphilosopherscanbe!IknowofnothingmorestingingthanthejokeEpicurustookthe
स्वतंत्रता
libertyofmakingonPlatoandthePlatonists;hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,andonthefaceofit,thewordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesandlick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisasmuchastosay,"TheyareallACTORS,thereisnothing
वास्तविक
genuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopularnameforanactor).Andthe
उत्तरार्द्ध
latterisreallythemalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:hewasannoyedbythegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenestyleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofwhichEpicuruswasnotamaster!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,perhapsoutof
क्रोध
rageandambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!Greecetookahundredyearstofindoutwhothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereisapointineveryphilosophyatwhichthe"conviction"ofthephilosopherappearsonthescene;
or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
YoudesiretoLIVE"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,you
महान
nobleStoics,whatfraudofwords!ImaginetoyourselvesabeinglikeNature,boundlessly
असाधारण
extravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurposeorविचार
consideration,withoutpityorjustice,atoncefruitfulandबंजर
barrenanduncertain:imaginetoyourselves
उदासीनता
INDIFFERENCEasapower—howCOULDyouliveinअनुसार
accordancewithsuchindifference?Tolive—isnotthatjustendeavouringtobeotherwisethanthisNature?
Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,being
अन्यायपूर्ण
unjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"meansactuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—howcouldyoudo
अलग
DIFFERENTLY?Whyshouldyoumakea
सिद्धांत
principleoutofwhatyouyourselvesare,andmustbe?Inreality,however,itisquiteotherwisewithyou:
whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethe
कैनन
canonofyourlawinNature,youwantsomethingquitetheविपरीत
contrary,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!InyourprideyouwishtodictateyourmoralsandidealstoNature,toNatureherself,andto
शामिल
incorporatethemtherein;youinsistthatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"andwouldlikeeverythingtobemadeafteryourownimage,asa
विशाल
vast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!Withallyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvessolong,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoseeNatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,thatyouarenolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andto
मुकुट
crownall,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamitehopethatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:isnottheStoicaPARTofNature?...
Butthisisanoldandeverlastingstory:
whathappenedinoldtimeswiththeStoicsstillhappenstoday,assoonasevera
दर्शन
philosophybeginstobelieveinitself.Italwayscreatestheworldinitsownimage;
itcannotdootherwise;
दर्शन
philosophyisthistyrannicalimpulseitself,themostआध्यात्मिक
spiritualWilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausaprima.10.
Theeagernessandsubtlety,Ishouldevensaycraftiness,withwhichtheproblemof"therealandthe
स्पष्ट
apparentworld"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthoughtandattention;andhewhohearsonlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,andnothingelse,cannotcertainly
दावा
boastofthesharpestears.Inrareandisolatedcases,itmayreallyhavehappenedthatsuchaWilltoTruth—acertain
असाधारण
extravagantandadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sमहत्वाकांक्षा
ambitionoftheforlornhope—hasparticipatedtherein:thatwhichintheendalwaysprefersa
मुट्ठी
handfulof"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsof
विवेक
conscience,whoprefertoputtheirlasttrustinasurenothing,ratherthaninanअनिश्चित
uncertainsomething.ButthatisNihilism,andthesignofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingsucha
पुण्य
virtuemaydisplay.Itseems,however,tobeotherwisewithstrongerandlivelierthinkerswhoarestill
उत्सुक
eagerforlife.InthattheysideAGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthe
विश्वसनीयता
credibilityoftheirownbodiesaboutaslowastheविश्वसनीयता
credibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurestकब्जे
possessiontoescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinmoreदृढ़ता
firmlythaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsiftheyarenotreallytryingtowinbacksomethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurerकब्जे
possession,somethingoftheolddomainofthefaithofformertimes,perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichtheycouldlivebetter,thatistosay,moreजोरदार
vigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthismodeoflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallthathasbeenconstructedyesterdayandtoday;
thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatietyandscorn,whichcannolongerenduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthemostvaried
मूल
origin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;a
घृणा
disgustofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessandpatchinessofallthesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisnothingeithernewortrue,exceptthismotleyness.Thereinitseemstomethatweshouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsandknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;
theirinstinct,whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...
whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOTthattheywishtogo"back,"butthattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.
AlittleMOREstrength,swing,courage,and
कलात्मक
artisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!11.
Itseemstomethatthereiseverywhereanattemptatpresenttodivertattentionfromthe
वास्तविक
actualinfluencewhichKantexercisedonGermanदर्शन
philosophy,andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.KantwasfirstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
withitinhishandhesaid:
"Thisisthemostdifficultthingthatcouldeverbeundertakenon
ओर
behalfofmetaphysics."Letusonlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!
HewasproudofhavingDISCOVEREDanewfacultyinman,thefacultyofsynthetic
निर्णय
judgmentapriori.Grantingthathedeceivedhimselfinthismatter;
the
विकास
developmentandrapidflourishingofGermanदर्शन
philosophydependedneverthelessonhispride,andontheउत्सुक
eagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationtoखोजने
discoverifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso."HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatisreallyhisanswer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotinfivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuch
प्रदर्शन
displayofGermanprofundityandशाब्दिक
verbalflourishes,thatonealtogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchananswer.Peoplewerebesidethemselveswithdelightoverthisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreacheditsclimaxwhenKantfurtherdiscovereda
नैतिक
moralfacultyinman—foratthattimeGermanswerestillनैतिक
moral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."Thencamethe
हनीमून
honeymoonofGermanphilosophy.AlltheyoungtheologiansoftheTubingen
संस्थान
institutionwentimmediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,andstill
युवा
youthfulperiodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,theदुर्भावनापूर्ण
maliciousfairy,pipedandsang,whenonecouldnotyetअंतर
distinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!Abovealla
संकाय
facultyforthe"transcendental";Schellingchristenedit,
बौद्धिक
intellectualintuition,andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsoftheस्वाभाविक
naturallypious-inclinedGermans.Onecandonogreaterwrongtothewholeofthisexuberantand
विलक्षण
eccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoसाहसपूर्वक
boldly,inhoaryandsenileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,oreventreatitwithनैतिक
moralindignation.Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,andthedreamvanished.
Atimecamewhenpeoplerubbedtheirforeheads,andtheystillrubthemtoday.
Peoplehadbeendreaming,andfirstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansofameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,oratleastmeanttosay.
But,isthat—ananswer?
An
स्पष्टीकरण
explanation?Orisitnotrather
केवल
merelyarepetitionofthequestion?Howdoesopiuminducesleep?
"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"
अर्थात्
namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthedoctorinMoliere,.Butsuchrepliesbelongtotherealmof
हास्य
comedy,anditishightimetoबदलने
replacetheKantianquestion,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"byanotherquestion,"Whyis
विश्वास
beliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishightimethatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeoftheसंरक्षण
preservationofcreatureslikeourselves;thoughtheystillmight
स्वाभाविक
naturallybefalsejudgments!Or,moreplainlyspoken,and
मोटे तौर पर
roughlyandreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriorishouldnot"bepossible"atall;wehavenorighttothem;
inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Only,ofcourse,the
विश्वास
beliefintheirtruthisnecessary,asप्रशंसनीय
plausiblebeliefandocularevidencebelongingtotheperspectiveviewoflife.Andfinally,tocalltomindthe
भारी
enormousinfluencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisnodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;thankstoGerman
दर्शन
philosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,andthepoliticalobscurantistsofallnations,tofindanantidotetothestilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromthelastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...