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Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Finnish A1

Beyond Good and Evil | Gradually Hardening Finnish A1

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PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?
Istherenotgroundforsuspecting
että
thatallphilosophers,inso
pitkälle
farastheyhavebeendogmatists,
ovat
havefailedtounderstandwomen—thattheterribleseriousness
ja
andclumsyimportunitywithwhichthey
ovat
haveusuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,
ovat
havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinninga
naisen
woman?
Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobe
voittaa
won;
andatpresenteverykindofdogma
seisoo
standswithsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,it
seisoo
standsatall!
Fortherearescoffers
jotka
whomaintainthatithasfallen,
että
thatalldogmaliesontheground—naymore,
että
thatitisatitslastgasp.
Mutta
Buttospeakseriously,thereare
hyviä
goodgroundsforhopingthat
kaikki
alldogmatizinginphilosophy,whateversolemn,
tahansa
whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,mayhavebeen
vain
onlyanoblepuerilismandtyronism;
and
luultavasti
probablythetimeisathandwhenitwillbe
kerran
onceandagainunderstoodWHAThasactuallysufficedforthebasisofsuchimposingandabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistshavehithertoreared:
ehkäpä
perhapssomepopularsuperstitionofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,
joka
which,intheformofsubject-
ja
andego-superstition,hasnotyetceased
tekemästä
doingmischief):
perhapssomeplayuponwords,adeceptiononthepartofgrammar,
tai
oranaudaciousgeneralizationof
hyvin
veryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.
Thephilosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,was
vain
onlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyinstillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhich
luultavasti
probablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,andpatiencehavebeenspentthanonanyactualsciencehitherto:
weowetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,thegrandstyleofarchitecture.
Itseems
että
thatinordertoinscribethemselvesupontheheartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,allgreatthingshave
ensin
firsttowanderabouttheearthasenormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:
dogmaticphilosophyhasbeen
a
acaricatureofthiskind—forinstance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,andPlatonisminEurope.
Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughit
on
mustcertainlybeconfessedthattheworst,themosttiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenadogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.
Mutta
Butnowwhenithasbeensurmounted,
kun
whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,
voi
canagaindrawbreathfreelyandat
ainakin
leastenjoyahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofallthestrengthwhichthestruggle
vastaan
againstthiserrorhasfostered.
Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—of
elämän
life,tospeakofSpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;
indeedone
voisi
mightask,asaphysician:
"Howdid
tällainen
suchamaladyattackthatfinestproductofantiquity,Plato?
HadthewickedSocrates
todella
reallycorruptedhim?
WasSocratesafterallacorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"
Mutta
ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,andforthe"people"—thestruggle
vastaan
againsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsofChristianity(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),producedinEuropeamagnificenttensionofsoul,suchashadnotexistedanywherepreviously;
withsuchatenselystrainedbowone
voi
cannowaimatthefurthestgoals.
Asamatterof
itse asiassa
fact,theEuropeanfeelsthistensionasastateofdistress,andtwiceattempts
on
havebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:
kerran
oncebymeansofJesuitism,andthesecondtimebymeansofdemocraticenlightenment—which,withtheaidoflibertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,
voisi
might,infact,bringitabout
että
thatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyfinditselfin"distress"!
(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcreditto
heille
them!
buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinventedprinting.)
Mutta
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,nor
edes
evensufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,andfree,
Hyvin
VERYfreespirits—wehaveit
yhä
still,allthedistressofspiritand
kaikki
allthetensionofitsbow!
Ja
Andperhapsalsothearrow,theduty,
ja
and,whoknows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
The
Tahto
WilltoTruth,whichistotemptustomanyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessof
joka
whichallphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshas
tämä
thisWilltoTruthnotlaidbefore
meidät
us!
Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itis
jo
alreadyalongstory;
yetitseemsasifitwerehardlycommenced.
Isitanywonder
jos
ifweatlastgrowdistrustful,
menetämme
losepatience,andturnimpatientlyaway?
ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlastto
kysymään
askquestionsourselves?
WHOisit
todella
reallythatputsquestionstous
täällä
here?
WHATreallyisthis"WilltoTruth"inus?
In
itse asiassa
factwemadealonghaltatthequestionastotheoriginof
tämän
thisWill—untilatlastwe
tulimme
cametoanabsolutestandstillbeforeayetmorefundamentalquestion.
WeinquiredabouttheVALUEof
tämän
thisWill.
Grantedthatwe
haluamme
wantthetruth:
WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
Anduncertainty?
Jopa
Evenignorance?
Theproblemofthevalueoftruthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitwe
jotka
whopresentedourselvesbeforethe
ongelma
problem?
WhichofusistheOedipus
täällä
here?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobearendezvousofquestionsandnotesofinterrogation.
Andcoulditbe
uskoa
believedthatitatlastseemstousasiftheproblemhad
koskaan
neverbeenpropoundedbefore,asifwewerethefirsttodiscernit,getasightofit,andRISKRAISINGit?
Forthereisriskinraising
sen
it,perhapsthereisnogreaterrisk.
2.
"HOW
Voisi
COULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,
totuus
truthoutoferror?
orthe
Tahto
WilltoTruthoutofthe
tahto
willtodeception?
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?
tai
orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewise
miehen
manoutofcovetousness?
Suchgenesisisimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitisafool,nay,worse
kuin
thanafool;
thingsofthehighestvalue
täytyy
musthaveadifferentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inthistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryworld,inthisturmoilofdelusionandcupidity,theycannot
olla
havetheirsource.
ButratherinthelapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealedGod,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeofreasoningdisclosesthetypicalprejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofalltimes
voidaan
canberecognized,thismodeofvaluationisatthebackofalltheirlogicalprocedure;
kautta
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forsomethingthatisintheendsolemnlychristened"theTruth."
ThefundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansisTHEBELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.
It
koskaan
neveroccurredeventothewariestofthemtodoubthereontheverythreshold
Jossa
(wheredoubt,however,wasmostnecessary);
thoughthey
olivat
hadmadeasolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."
Forit
voidaan
maybedoubted,firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;
andsecondly,whetherthepopularvaluationsandantithesesofvalueuponwhichmetaphysicianshave
ovat asettaneet
settheirseal,arenot
ehkä
perhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeing
luultavasti
probablymadefromsomecorner,
ehkä
perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowanexpressioncurrentamongpainters.
Inspiteofallthevalue
joka
whichmaybelongtothetrue,thepositive,andtheunselfish,itmightbe
mahdollista
possiblethatahigherandmorefundamentalvaluefor
elämän
lifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothewilltodelusion,toselfishness,andcupidity.
It
voisi
mightevenbepossiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofthosegoodandrespectedthings,consistspreciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,andcrochetedtotheseevilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhaps
jopa
eveninbeingessentiallyidentical
kanssa
withthem.
Perhaps!
Butwho
haluaa
wishestoconcernhimselfwithsuchdangerous"Perhapses"!
Forthatinvestigationonemustawaittheadventofaneworderofphilosophers,suchaswillhave
muut
othertastesandinclinations,thereverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"in
joka
everysenseoftheterm.
Ja
Andtospeakinallseriousness,I
näen
seesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.
3.
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,andhaving
lukenut
readbetweentheirlineslongenough,I
nyt
nowsaytomyselfthatthegreater
osa
partofconsciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,anditisso
jopa
eveninthecaseofphilosophicalthinking;
one
on
hasheretolearnanew,asone
opittava
learnedanewaboutheredityand"innateness."
Aslittleastheactofbirth
tulee
comesintoconsiderationinthewholeprocessandprocedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinanydecisivesense;
thegreater
osa
partoftheconsciousthinkingofaphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,andforcedintodefinitechannels.
Andbehindalllogicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,therearevaluations,
tai
ortospeakmoreplainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceofadefinitemodeoflifeForexample,
että
thatthecertainisworthmorethantheuncertain,
että
thatillusionislessvaluablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforUS,
saattavat
mightnotwithstandingbeonlysuperficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchas
saattavat
maybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.
Supposing,ineffect,
että
thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."
4.
Thefalsenessofanopinionisnotforusanyobjectiontoit:
itis
tässä
here,perhaps,thatournewlanguagesounds
kaikkein
moststrangely.
Thequestionis,
kuinka
howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,
kenties
perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtomaintain
että
thatthefalsestopinions(towhichthesyntheticjudgments
a
aprioribelong),arethemostindispensableto
meille
us,thatwithoutarecognitionoflogicalfictions,
ilman
withoutacomparisonofreality
kanssa
withthepurelyIMAGINEDworldoftheabsoluteandimmutable,
ilman
withoutaconstantcounterfeitingofthe
maailman
worldbymeansofnumbers,man
voisi
couldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbe
a
arenunciationoflife,anegationof
elämän
life.
TORECOGNISEUNTRUTHASACONDITIONOF
Elämän
LIFE;
thatiscertainlytoimpugnthetraditionalideasofvalueinadangerousmanner,andaphilosophy
joka
whichventurestodoso,
on
hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyond
hyvän
goodandevil.
5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscovery
kuinka
howinnocenttheyare—howoftenandeasilythey
tekevät
makemistakesandlosetheirway,inshort,
kuinka
howchildishandchildliketheyare,—but
että
thatthereisnotenoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereasthey
kaikki
allraisealoudandvirtuousoutcry
kun
whentheproblemoftruthfulnessis
edes
evenhintedatintheremotestmanner.
They
kaikki
allposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredandattained
kautta
throughtheself-evolvingofacold,pure,divinelyindifferentdialectic(incontrastto
kaikki
allsortsofmystics,who,fairerandfoolisher,
puhuvat
talkof"inspiration"),whereas,in
itse asiassa
fact,aprejudicedproposition,idea,
tai
or"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart'sdesireabstractedandrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutaftertheevent.
Theyare
kaikki
alladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,generallyastutedefenders,
myös
also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—and
Hyvin
VERYfarfromhavingtheconsciencewhichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,
hyvin
veryfarfromhavingthe
hyvä
goodtasteofthecouragewhich
menee
goessofarastoletthisbe
ymmärretään
understood,perhapstowarnfriend
tai
orfoe,orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.
ThespectacleoftheTartufferyofoldKant,equallystiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewhofindnosmallamusementinspyingoutthesubtletricksofoldmoralistsandethicalpreachers.
Tai
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematicalform,bymeansofwhichSpinoza
on
has,asitwere,cladhisphilosophyinmailandmask—in
itse asiassa
fact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"totranslatethetermfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebytostriketerroratonceintotheheartoftheassailantwho
on
shoulddaretocastaglanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—how
paljon
muchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoes
tämä
thismasqueradeofasicklyreclusebetray!
6.
It
on
hasgraduallybecomecleartomewhat
jokainen
everygreatphilosophyuptillnow
on
hasconsistedof—namely,theconfessionofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofinvoluntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;
andmoreover
että
thatthemoral(orimmoral)purposeineveryphilosophyhasconstitutedthe
todellinen
truevitalgermoutofwhichtheentireplanthas
aina
alwaysgrown.
Indeed,tounderstand
miten
howtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofaphilosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itis
aina
alwayswell(andwise)to
ensin
firstaskoneself:
"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Accordingly,Idonot
usko
believethatan"impulsetoknowledge"isthe
isä
fatherofphilosophy;
butthat
toinen
anotherimpulse,hereaselsewhere,
on
hasonlymadeuseofknowledge(andmistakenknowledge!)
asaninstrument.
Mutta
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofmanwithaviewtodetermining
kuinka
howfartheymayhave
tässä
hereactedasINSPIRINGGENII(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfind
että
thattheyhaveallpracticedphilosophyatonetimeoranother,and
että
thateachoneofthemwould
ovat
havebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfastheultimateendofexistenceandthelegitimateLORDover
kaikki
alltheotherimpulses.
For
jokainen
everyimpulseisimperious,andasSUCH,attemptstophilosophize.
Tobesure,inthe
tapauksessa
caseofscholars,inthe
tapauksessa
caseofreallyscientificmen,it
voi
maybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;
therethere
voi
mayreallybesucha
asia
thingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"some
sellainen
kindofsmall,independentclock-work,
joka
which,whenwellwoundup,
työskentelee
worksawayindustriouslytothatend,
Ilman
WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialparttherein.
Theactual"interests"ofthescholar,therefore,aregenerallyin
aivan
quiteanotherdirection—inthefamily,
ehkä
perhaps,orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;
it
on
is,infact,almostindifferentatwhatpointofresearchhis
pieni
littlemachineisplaced,andwhetherthehopefulyoungworkerbecomesa
hyvä
goodphilologist,amushroomspecialist,orachemist;
heisnotCHARACTERISEDby
tulla
becomingthisorthat.
Inthephilosopher,onthecontrary,thereisabsolutely
mitään
nothingimpersonal;
andaboveall,hismoralityfurnishesadecidedanddecisivetestimonyasto
Kuka
WHOHEIS,—thatisto
sanoen
say,inwhatorderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnaturestandtoeachother.
7.
Kuinka
Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!
I
tiedä
knowofnothingmorestinging
kuin
thanthejokeEpicurustookthelibertyof
tehdä
makingonPlatoandthePlatonists;
he
kutsui
calledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,andonthefaceofit,the
sana
wordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesandlick-spittles;
besidesthis,however,itisas
paljon
muchastosay,"Theyare
kaikki
allACTORS,thereisnothinggenuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopular
nimi
nameforanactor).
Andthelatteris
todella
reallythemalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:
hewasannoyedbythegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenestyleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofwhichEpicuruswasnota
mestari
master!
He,theoldschool-teacherofSamos,
joka
whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,and
kirjoitti
wrotethreehundredbooks,perhapsoutofrageandambitiousenvyofPlato,
joka
whoknows!
Greecetookahundredyearstofindout
kuka
whothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.
Didsheeverfindout?
8.
Thereisapointineveryphilosophyatwhichthe"conviction"ofthephilosopherappearsonthescene;
tai
or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
Youdesireto
Elää
LIVE"accordingtoNature"?
Oh,younobleStoics,whatfraudofwords!
Imaginetoyourselvesabeing
kuin
likeNature,boundlesslyextravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,
ilman
withoutpurposeorconsideration,withoutpity
tai
orjustice,atoncefruitful
ja
andbarrenanduncertain:
imaginetoyourselvesINDIFFERENCEasapower—how
Voisit
COULDyouliveinaccordancewithsuchindifference?
Tolive—isnotthat
vain
justendeavouringtobeotherwise
kuin
thanthisNature?
Isnot
elämä
livingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
Ja
Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"
tarkoittaa
meansactuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—how
voisit
couldyoudoDIFFERENTLY?
Why
pitäisi
shouldyoumakeaprincipleoutofwhatyouyourselvesare,and
täytyy
mustbe?
Inreality,however,itis
aivan
quiteotherwisewithyou:
whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethecanonofyourlawinNature,youwantsomething
aivan
quitethecontrary,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!
Inyourprideyou
haluat
wishtodictateyourmorals
ja
andidealstoNature,toNatureherself,
ja
andtoincorporatethemtherein;
youinsist
että
thatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"andwouldlike
kaikki
everythingtobemadeafteryourownimage,asavast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!
Withallyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvesso
pitkään
long,sopersistently,andwith
niin
suchhypnoticrigiditytoseeNatureFALSELY,
että
thatistosay,Stoically,
että
thatyouarenolongerableto
näkemään
seeitotherwise—andtocrownall,someunfathomablesuperciliousness
antaa
givesyoutheBedlamitehope
että
thatBECAUSEyouareabletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:
isnottheStoica
Osa
PARTofNature?...
Butthisisan
vanha
oldandeverlastingstory:
whathappenedinoldtimes
kanssa
withtheStoicsstillhappenstoday,as
pian
soonaseveraphilosophybeginsto
uskoa
believeinitself.
Italwayscreatesthe
maailman
worldinitsownimage;
itcannot
tehdä
dootherwise;
philosophyisthistyrannicalimpulseitself,themostspiritual
Tahto
WilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"the
tahto
willtothecausaprima.
10.
Theeagernessandsubtlety,Ishould
jopa
evensaycraftiness,withwhichtheproblemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthoughtandattention;
andhe
joka
whohearsonlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,and
mitään
nothingelse,cannotcertainlyboastofthesharpestears.
Inrareandisolatedcases,itmay
todella
reallyhavehappenedthatsucha
Tahto
WilltoTruth—acertainextravagantandadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionoftheforlornhope—hasparticipatedtherein:
that
joka
whichintheendalwaysprefersahandfulof"certainty"toawholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;
siellä
theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsofconscience,
jotka
whoprefertoputtheirlasttrustinasurenothing,rather
kuin
thaninanuncertainsomething.
Mutta
ButthatisNihilism,andthe
merkki
signofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearing
tällainen
suchavirtuemaydisplay.
Itseems,however,tobeotherwisewithstronger
ja
andlivelierthinkerswhoare
yhä
stilleagerforlife.
In
että
thattheysideAGAINSTappearance,and
puhuvat
speaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"in
että
thattheyrankthecredibilityoftheirownbodies
noin
aboutaslowasthecredibilityoftheocularevidence
että
that"theearthstandsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurestpossessiontoescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinmorefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—who
tietää
knowsiftheyarenotreally
yritä
tryingtowinbacksomethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurerpossession,
jotain
somethingoftheolddomainofthefaithofformertimes,
ehkä
perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbywhichthey
voisivat
couldlivebetter,thatistosay,morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?
Olemassa
ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthismodeoflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallthathasbeenconstructedyesterdayand
tänään
today;
thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatietyandscorn,whichcannolongerenduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasofthe
kaikkein
mostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;
adisgustofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessandpatchinessofall
näiden
thesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereis
mitään
nothingeithernewortrue,except
tämä
thismotleyness.
Thereinitseemstomethatwe
pitäisi
shouldagreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsandknowledge-microscopistsofthepresentday;
theirinstinct,
joka
whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...
what
tekemistä
dotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOT
että
thattheywishtogo"back,"but
että
thattheywishtoget
Pois
AWAYtherefrom.
AlittleMOREstrength,swing,courage,
ja
andartisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!
11.
Itseemstome
että
thatthereiseverywhereanattemptatpresenttodivertattentionfromtheactualinfluencewhichKantexercisedonGermanphilosophy,
ja
andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhe
asetti
setuponhimself.
KantwasfirstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
withitinhishandhe
sanoi
said:
"Thisisthemostdifficult
asia
thingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."
Letus
vain
onlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!
Hewasproudof
oli
havingDISCOVEREDanewfacultyinman,thefacultyofsyntheticjudgment
a
apriori.
Grantingthathedeceivedhimselfinthismatter;
thedevelopmentandrapidflourishingofGermanphilosophydependedneverthelessonhispride,andontheeagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationtodiscoverifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—But
ollaan
letusreflectforamoment—itishightimetodoso.
"Howaresyntheticjudgments
a
aprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatisreallyhisanswer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotinfivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuchdisplayofGermanprofundityandverbalflourishes,
että
thatonealtogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchan
vastaus
answer.
Peoplewerebesidethemselveswithdelightover
tästä
thisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreacheditsclimax
kun
whenKantfurtherdiscoveredamoralfacultyinman—foratthattimeGermanswerestillmoral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."
Then
tuli
camethehoneymoonofGermanphilosophy.
Kaikki
AlltheyoungtheologiansoftheTubingeninstitution
menivät
wentimmediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,andstillyouthfulperiodoftheGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,themaliciousfairy,pipedand
lauloi
sang,whenonecouldnotyetdistinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!
Aboveallafacultyforthe"transcendental";
Schellingchristenedit,intellectualintuition,andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthenaturallypious-inclinedGermans.
One
voi
candonogreaterwrongtothewholeofthisexuberantandeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstanding
että
thatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoaryandsenileconceptions),
kuin
thantotakeitseriously,
tai
oreventreatitwithmoralindignation.
Enough,however—theworldgrewolder,
ja
andthedreamvanished.
A
aika
timecamewhenpeoplerubbedtheirforeheads,
ja
andtheystillrubthemtoday.
Ihmiset
Peoplehadbeendreaming,andfirst
ja
andforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansofa
tarkoittanut
means(faculty)"—hehadsaid,orat
ainakin
leastmeanttosay.
But,isthat—an
vastaus
answer?
Anexplanation?
Orisitnotrathermerelyarepetitionofthequestion?
Miten
Howdoesopiuminducesleep?
"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthe
lääkäri
doctorinMoliere,.
Butsuchrepliesbelongtotherealmofcomedy,anditishigh
aika
timetoreplacetheKantian
kysymys
question,"Howaresyntheticjudgments
a
aPRIORIpossible?"
byanother
kysymys
question,"Whyisbeliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishigh
aika
timethatweshouldunderstand
että
thatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeofthepreservationofcreatureslikeourselves;
thoughtheystillmightnaturallybefalsejudgments!
Tai
Or,moreplainlyspoken,androughly
ja
andreadily—syntheticjudgmentsapriori
pitäisi
shouldnot"bepossible"atall;
we
ole
havenorighttothem;
inourmouthstheyarenothingbutfalsejudgments.
Only,of
tietenkin
course,thebeliefintheirtruthisnecessary,asplausiblebeliefandocularevidencebelongingtotheperspectiveviewof
elämän
life.
Andfinally,tocalltomindtheenormousinfluencewhich"Germanphilosophy"—I
toivottavasti
hopeyouunderstanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisnodoubt
että
thatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;
thankstoGermanphilosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,andthepoliticalobscurantistsofallnations,to
löysivät
findanantidotetothestilloverwhelmingsensualism
joka
whichoverflowedfromthelastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...