PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?
Is
هناك
therenotgroundforsuspectingthatكل
allphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtoفهم
understandwomen—thattheterribleseriousnessandclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhaveعادة
usuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinningawoman?المؤكد
Certainlyshehasneverallowedherselftobewon;andatpresentevery
نوع
kindofdogmastandswithحزين
sadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!For
هناك
therearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,thatكل
alldogmaliesontheground—nayأكثر
more,thatitisatitslastgasp.Buttospeakseriously,
هناك
therearegoodgroundsforhopingthatكل
alldogmatizinginphilosophy,whateversolemn,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,mayhavebeenonlyaنبيلة
noblepuerilismandtyronism;and
المحتمل
probablythetimeisathandعندما
whenitwillbeonceandمرة أخرى
againunderstoodWHAThasactuallysufficedforthebasisofهذه
suchimposingandabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistsيكون
havehithertoreared:perhapssome
الشعبية
popularsuperstitionofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheشكل
formofsubject-andego-superstition,hasnot
بعد
yetceaseddoingmischief):perhapssomeplayuponwords,adeceptiononthepartofgrammar,
أو
oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.The
فلسفة
philosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,wasسوى
onlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsبعد
afterwards,aswasastrologyinstillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhichربما
probablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,andpatiencehavebeenspentthanonanyactualعلم
sciencehitherto:weowetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,the
الكبير
grandstyleofarchitecture.Itseemsthatin
أجل
ordertoinscribethemselvesupontheقلب
heartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,جميع
allgreatthingshavefirsttoتتجول
wanderabouttheearthasهائلة
enormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:dogmatic
الفلسفة
philosophyhasbeenacaricatureofهذا
thiskind—forinstance,theVedantaعقيدة
doctrineinAsia,andPlatonisminEurope.Letusnotbeungratefultoit,
الرغم
althoughitmustcertainlybeconfessedthattheأسوأ
worst,themosttiresome,andthemostخطورة
dangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenعلى
adogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.But
الآن
nowwhenithasbeensurmounted,عندما
whenEurope,ridofthisالكابوس
nightmare,canagaindrawbreathبحرية
freelyandatleastenjoyعلى
ahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofكل
allthestrengthwhichtheالنضال
struggleagainstthiserrorhasfostered.Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—oflife,tospeakof
الروح
SpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;الواقع
indeedonemightask,asaphysician:"Howdidsuchamaladyattackthatfinest
منتج
productofantiquity,Plato?HadthewickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?
WasSocrates
بعد
afterallacorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"لكن
ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,andforthe"people"—theالنضال
struggleagainsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsofChristianityأجل
(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),producedinEuropeamagnificenttensionofsoul,suchashadnotexistedمكان
anywherepreviously;withsuchatenselystrained
القوس
bowonecannowaimatthefurthestgoals.Asamatterof
الواقع
fact,theEuropeanfeelsthisالتوتر
tensionasastateofdistress,andمرتين
twiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendtheالقوس
bow:oncebymeansofJesuitism,andthe
ثانية
secondtimebymeansofdemocraticenlightenment—which,withtheaidofحرية
libertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,might,inالواقع
fact,bringitaboutthattheالروح
spiritwouldnotsoeasilyتجد
finditselfin"distress"!(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcreditto
لهم
them!buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinventedprinting.)
لكن
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,norحتى
evensufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,andحرة
free,VERYfreespirits—wehaveitstill,كل
allthedistressofspiritandكل
allthetensionofitsbow!Andperhapsalsothearrow,theduty,and,whoknows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
الفصل
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS1.
TheWillto
الحقيقة
Truth,whichistotemptustoالعديد
manyahazardousenterprise,theالشهيرة
famousTruthfulnessofwhichallphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshasهذا
thisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeلنا
us!Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itisalreadya
طويلة
longstory;yetitseemsas
لو
ifitwerehardlycommenced.Isitanywonder
إذا
ifweatlastgrowdistrustful,losepatience,andturnimpatientlyaway?ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlastto
نسأل
askquestionsourselves?WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstoushere?
WHATreallyis
هذه
this"WilltoTruth"inus?In
الواقع
factwemadealongتوقف
haltatthequestionastotheأصل
originofthisWill—untilatlastwecametoanمطلقة
absolutestandstillbeforeayetأكثر
morefundamentalquestion.Weinquired
عن
abouttheVALUEofthisWill.Grantedthatwe
نريد
wantthetruth:WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
Anduncertainty?
حتى
Evenignorance?Theproblemofthe
قيمة
valueoftruthpresenteditselfأمام
beforeus—orwasitweالذين
whopresentedourselvesbeforetheمشكلة
problem?WhichofusistheOedipushere?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwould
يبدو
seemtobearendezvousofquestionsandnotesofاستجواب
interrogation.Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousas
لو
iftheproblemhadneverbeenpropoundedقبل
before,asifweweretheأول
firsttodiscernit,getعلى
asightofit,andRISKRAISINGit?For
هناك
thereisriskinraisingit,perhapsهناك
thereisnogreaterrisk.2.
"HOWCOULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,
الحقيقة
truthoutoferror?ortheWillto
الحقيقة
Truthoutofthewilltodeception?أو
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?أو
orthepuresun-brightvisionoftheالحكيم
wisemanoutofcovetousness?Suchgenesisisimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitisafool,nay,
أسوأ
worsethanafool;thingsofthehighest
قيمة
valuemusthaveadifferentأصل
origin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inهذا
thistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryالعالم
world,inthisturmoilofالوهم
delusionandcupidity,theycannotيكون
havetheirsource.Butratherinthe
حضن
lapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealedالله
God,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,andمكان
nowhereelse!"—Thismodeofreasoningdisclosesthetypicalالتحيز
prejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofalltimesيمكن
canberecognized,thismodeofvaluationisatthebackofalltheirlogicalprocedure;خلال
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forشيء
somethingthatisintheالنهاية
endsolemnlychristened"theTruth."Thefundamental
الاعتقاد
beliefofmetaphysiciansisTHEالاعتقاد
BELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.It
لم
neveroccurredeventothewariestofthemtoالشك
doubthereontheveryالعتبة
threshold(wheredoubt,however,wasأكثر
mostnecessary);thoughtheyhadmade
على
asolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."Foritmaybedoubted,firstly,whetherantitheses
موجودة
existatall;andsecondly,whetherthe
الشعبية
popularvaluationsandantithesesofالقيمة
valueuponwhichmetaphysicianshavesettheirseal,arenotperhapsمجرد
merelysuperficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomeزاوية
corner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowanتعبير
expressioncurrentamongpainters.In
الرغم
spiteofallthevaluewhichmayتنتمي
belongtothetrue,thepositive,andtheunselfish,itmightbeالممكن
possiblethatahigherandmoreجوهرية
fundamentalvalueforlifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothewilltoالوهم
delusion,toselfishness,andcupidity.Itmight
حتى
evenbepossiblethatWHATconstitutestheقيمة
valueofthosegoodandrespectedthings,consistspreciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,andcrochetedtotheseالشريرة
evilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhapsحتى
eveninbeingessentiallyidenticalwiththem.ربما
Perhaps!Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwith
هذه
suchdangerous"Perhapses"!Forthat
التحقيق
investigationonemustawaittheadventofعلى
aneworderofphilosophers,مثل
suchaswillhaveothertastesandinclinations,theعكس
reverseofthosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"inكل
everysenseoftheterm.Andtospeakinallseriousness,I
أرى
seesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.3.
Havingkepta
حادة
sharpeyeonphilosophers,andhavingقرأت
readbetweentheirlineslongفيه الكفاية
enough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreaterالجزء
partofconsciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,anditissoحتى
eveninthecaseofphilosophicalthinking;onehas
هنا
heretolearnanew,asonelearnedanewعن
aboutheredityand"innateness."Aslittleastheactof
الولادة
birthcomesintoconsiderationinthewholeالعملية
processandprocedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinanyحاسم
decisivesense;thegreaterpartoftheconsciousthinkingofaphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,andforcedinto
محددة
definitechannels.Andbehindall
المنطق
logicanditsseemingsovereigntyofالحركة
movement,therearevaluations,ortospeakأكثر
moreplainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceofعلى
adefinitemodeoflifeForالمثال
example,thatthecertainisيستحق
worthmorethantheuncertain,thatالوهم
illusionislessvaluablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inالرغم
spiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforلنا
US,mightnotwithstandingbeonlyسطحية
superficialvaluations,specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybeضرورية
necessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.Supposing,ineffect,
أن
thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."4.
Thefalsenessofan
الرأي
opinionisnotforusأي
anyobjectiontoit:itishere,perhaps,
أن
thatournewlanguagesoundsالأكثر
moststrangely.Thequestionis,howfaran
الرأي
opinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,ربما
perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtoالحفاظ
maintainthatthefalsestopinions(toأي
whichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioriتنتمي
belong),arethemostindispensabletous,thatwithoutaالاعتراف
recognitionoflogicalfictions,withoutaمقارنة
comparisonofrealitywiththeبحتة
purelyIMAGINEDworldoftheabsoluteandimmutable,withoutaالمستمر
constantcounterfeitingoftheworldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.TO
نعترف
RECOGNISEUNTRUTHASACONDITIONOFLIFE;thatiscertainlytoimpugnthe
التقليدية
traditionalideasofvalueinعلى
adangerousmanner,andaphilosophywhichventurestoالقيام
doso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfوراء
beyondgoodandevil.5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeated
الاكتشاف
discoveryhowinnocenttheyare—howoftenandeasilytheymakemistakesandlosetheirway,inshort,كم
howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnotفيه الكفاية
enoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereastheyجميعا
allraisealoudandvirtuousoutcryعندما
whentheproblemoftruthfulnessisحتى
evenhintedatintheremotestmanner.They
جميع
allposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredandattainedخلال
throughtheself-evolvingofaالباردة
cold,pure,divinelyindifferentdialectic(inالنقيض
contrasttoallsortsofmystics,who,fairerandfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,inالواقع
fact,aprejudicedproposition,idea,أو
or"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart'sرغبة
desireabstractedandrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutبعد
aftertheevent.Theyarealladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,
عام
generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingtheالضمير
consciencewhichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegoodالذوق
tasteofthecouragewhichgoessofarastoletthisbeunderstood,ربما
perhapstowarnfriendorالعدو
foe,orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.The
مشهد
spectacleoftheTartufferyofoldKant,equallystiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewhofindلا
nosmallamusementinspyingoutthesubtletricksofoldmoralistsandethicalpreachers.أو
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematicalشكل
form,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhisphilosophyinالبريد
mailandmask—infact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"totranslatetheالمصطلح
termfairlyandsquarely—inordertherebytostrikeالرعب
terroratonceintotheقلب
heartoftheassailantwhoshouldيجرؤ
daretocastaglanceonthatinvincibleالعذراء
maiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofasicklyreclusebetray!6.
Ithasgradually
أصبح
becomecleartomewhatكل
everygreatphilosophyuptillالآن
nowhasconsistedof—namely,theاعتراف
confessionofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofinvoluntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;andmoreoverthatthemoral(orimmoral)
الغرض
purposeineveryphilosophyhasconstitutedthetrueالحيوية
vitalgermoutofwhichtheentireplanthasalwaysgrown.الواقع
Indeed,tounderstandhowtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofaphilosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itisalwayswell(andwise)tofirstتسأل
askoneself:"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Accordingly,Idonotbelievethat
على
an"impulsetoknowledge"istheوالد
fatherofphilosophy;butthatanother
دفعة
impulse,hereaselsewhere,hasفقط
onlymadeuseofknowledge(andmistakenالمعرفة
knowledge!)asaninstrument.
Butwhoeverconsidersthe
الأساسية
fundamentalimpulsesofmanwithعلى
aviewtodetermininghowfartheymayhaveهنا
hereactedasINSPIRINGGENIIأو
(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfindthattheyhaveallpracticedالفلسفة
philosophyatonetimeorآخر
another,andthateachoneofthemwouldhavebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfastheultimateendofexistenceandthelegitimateLORDoveralltheالأخرى
otherimpulses.Foreveryimpulseisimperious,andas
هذا
SUCH,attemptstophilosophize.Tobesure,inthe
حالة
caseofscholars,intheحالة
caseofreallyscientificmen,itقد
maybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;هناك
theretheremayreallybesuchaشيء
thingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"someنوع
kindofsmall,independentclock-work,which,عندما
whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,دون
WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialجزء
parttherein.Theactual"interests"ofthescholar,therefore,aregenerallyinquite
آخر
anotherdirection—inthefamily,perhaps,أو
orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;it
يتم
is,infact,almostindifferentatwhatpointofالبحث
researchhislittlemachineisplaced,andwhetherthehopefulالشاب
youngworkerbecomesagoodphilologist,aالفطر
mushroomspecialist,orachemist;heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecomingthis
أو
orthat.Inthephilosopher,onthe
العكس
contrary,thereisabsolutelynothingimpersonal;andaboveall,hismoralityfurnishesadecidedand
حاسمة
decisivetestimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhatترتيب
orderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnatureتقف
standtoeachother.7.
كم
Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!I
أعرف
knowofnothingmorestingingthantheالنكتة
jokeEpicurustookthelibertyofmakingonPlatoandthePlatonists;hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,andonthefaceofit,the
الكلمة
wordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesandlick-spittles;besidesthis,however,itisasmuchasto
يقول
say,"TheyareallACTORS,thereisشيء
nothinggenuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopularnameforanactor).And
في
thelatterisreallythemalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:hewasannoyedbythegrandiosemanner,themiseen
المشهد
scenestyleofwhichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofالذي
whichEpicuruswasnotamaster!He,the
العجوز
oldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,ربما
perhapsoutofrageandطموح
ambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!Greecetooka
مائة
hundredyearstofindoutمن
whothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.Didsheeverfindout?
8.
هناك
Thereisapointinكل
everyphilosophyatwhichthe"conviction"oftheالفيلسوف
philosopherappearsonthescene;or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
Youdesireto
العيش
LIVE"accordingtoNature"?Oh,younobleStoics,whatfraudofwords!
Imaginetoyourselvesabeing
مثل
likeNature,boundlesslyextravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurposeأو
orconsideration,withoutpityorعدالة
justice,atoncefruitfulandbarrenandمؤكد
uncertain:imaginetoyourselvesINDIFFERENCEasapower—howCOULDyou
تعيش
liveinaccordancewithsuchاللامبالاة
indifference?Tolive—isnotthat
مجرد
justendeavouringtobeotherwisethanthisNature?Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"means
الواقع
actuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—howcouldyouتفعل
doDIFFERENTLY?Whyshouldyoumakea
مبدأ
principleoutofwhatyouyourselvesare,andmustbe?Inreality,however,itis
تماما
quiteotherwisewithyou:whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethecanonofyourlawin
الطبيعة
Nature,youwantsomethingquitethecontrary,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!Inyourprideyou
ترغب
wishtodictateyourmoralsandidealstoNature,toNatureherself,andtoincorporatethemفيها
therein;youinsistthatitshallbe
الطبيعة
Nature"accordingtotheStoa,"andwouldlikeكل شيء
everythingtobemadeafteryourالخاصة
ownimage,asavast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!مع
Withallyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvessoطويلة
long,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoرؤية
seeNatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,thatyouareأي
nolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andtocrownكل
all,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamitehopethatBECAUSEyouareقادرين
abletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:isnottheStoicaPARTofNature?...
But
هذه
thisisanoldandeverlastingقصة
story:whathappenedinoldtimes
مع
withtheStoicsstillhappensاليوم
today,assoonaseveraالفلسفة
philosophybeginstobelieveinitself.Italwayscreatesthe
العالم
worldinitsownimage;itcannotdootherwise;
الفلسفة
philosophyisthistyrannicalimpulseitself,theالأكثر
mostspiritualWilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausaprima.10.
Theeagernessandsubtlety,Ishould
بل
evensaycraftiness,withwhichtheمشكلة
problemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthoughtandattention;andhewhohears
سوى
onlya"WilltoTruth"intheالخلفية
background,andnothingelse,cannotcertainlyboastofthesharpestears.In
نادرة
rareandisolatedcases,itmayالحقيقة
reallyhavehappenedthatsuchaWilltoTruth—aبعض
certainextravagantandadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sطموح
ambitionoftheforlornhope—hasparticipatedفيها
therein:thatwhichinthe
النهاية
endalwaysprefersahandfulof"certainty"toعلى
awholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;هناك
theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsofالضمير
conscience,whoprefertoputtheirالأخيرة
lasttrustinasurenothing,ratherthaninanuncertainsomething.لكن
ButthatisNihilism,andtheعلامة
signofadespairing,mortallyweariedروح
soul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingsuchعلى
avirtuemaydisplay.Itseems,however,tobeotherwise
مع
withstrongerandlivelierthinkersالذين
whoarestilleagerforالحياة
life.Inthattheyside
ضد
AGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyranktheمصداقية
credibilityoftheirownbodiesعن
aboutaslowastheمصداقية
credibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"andthus,يبدو
apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurestpossessiontoescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinأكثر
morefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsإذا
iftheyarenotreallytryingtowinbackشيء
somethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurerpossession,شيء
somethingoftheolddomainofthefaithofالسابقة
formertimes,perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"ربما
perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbyالذي
whichtheycouldlivebetter,thatistosay,أكثر
morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?هناك
ThereisDISTRUSToftheseالحديثة
modernideasinthismodeoflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallthathasbeenconstructedyesterdayandtoday;هناك
thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatietyandscorn,الذي
whichcannolongerenduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasoftheالأكثر
mostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsontheالسوق
market;adisgustofthemorerefined
الذوق
tasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessandpatchinessofallهؤلاء
thesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisشيء
nothingeithernewortrue,exceptهذا
thismotleyness.Thereinitseemstomethatweshould
نتفق
agreewiththoseskepticalanti-realistsandknowledge-microscopistsofفي
thepresentday;theirinstinct,
التي
whichrepelsthemfromMODERNالواقع
reality,isunrefuted...whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
في
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOTذلك
thattheywishtogo"back,"butذلك
thattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.A
القليل
littleMOREstrength,swing,courage,andartisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!11.
Itseemstomethat
هناك
thereiseverywhereanattemptatpresenttodivertالانتباه
attentionfromtheactualinfluencewhichKantexercisedonGermanالفلسفة
philosophy,andespeciallytoignoreprudentlytheالقيمة
valuewhichhesetuponhimself.Kantwasfirstand
المقام الأول
foremostproudofhisTableofCategories;withitinhis
يده
handhesaid:"Thisisthemostdifficult
شيء
thingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonنيابة
behalfofmetaphysics."Letus
فقط
onlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!HewasproudofhavingDISCOVEREDa
جديدة
newfacultyinman,thefacultyofsyntheticالحكم
judgmentapriori.Grantingthathedeceivedhimselfin
هذه
thismatter;thedevelopmentand
السريع
rapidflourishingofGermanphilosophydependedذلك
neverthelessonhispride,andontheeagerrivalryoftheالأصغر
youngergenerationtodiscoverifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishighالوقت
timetodoso."HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatisreallyhisanswer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotin
خمس
fivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuchالعرض
displayofGermanprofundityandاللفظي
verbalflourishes,thatonealtogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchanالإجابة
answer.Peoplewerebesidethemselveswith
البهجة
delightoverthisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreacheditsذروتها
climaxwhenKantfurtherdiscoveredعلى
amoralfacultyinman—foratذلك
thattimeGermanswerestillأخلاقية
moral,notyetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."Thencamethe
شهر العسل
honeymoonofGermanphilosophy.All
في
theyoungtheologiansoftheTubingenمؤسسة
institutionwentimmediatelyintothegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."و
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,و
andstillyouthfulperiodofفي
theGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,في
themaliciousfairy,pipedandsang,عندما
whenonecouldnotyetالتمييز
distinguishbetween"finding"and"inventing"!Above
كل
allafacultyforthe"transcendental";Schellingchristenedit,intellectualintuition,andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthe
طبيعي
naturallypious-inclinedGermans.Onecando
لا
nogreaterwrongtothewholeofهذه
thisexuberantandeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoaryandsenileconceptions),thantotakeitالجد
seriously,oreventreatitwithmoralindignation.Enough,however—the
العالم
worldgrewolder,andtheالحلم
dreamvanished.Atimecamewhen
الناس
peoplerubbedtheirforeheads,andtheystillrubthemاليوم
today.Peoplehadbeendreaming,andfirstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansof
على
ameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,أو
oratleastmeanttoيقول
say.But,isthat—ananswer?
Anexplanation?
Orisitnotrather
مجرد
merelyarepetitionofthequestion?كيف
Howdoesopiuminducesleep?"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthe
الطبيب
doctorinMoliere,.Butsuchreplies
تنتمي
belongtotherealmofcomedy,anditishighالوقت
timetoreplacetheKantianالسؤال
question,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"by
آخر
anotherquestion,"Whyisbeliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishighالوقت
timethatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeoftheالحفاظ
preservationofcreatureslikeourselves;thoughthey
لا تزال
stillmightnaturallybefalsejudgments!أو
Or,moreplainlyspoken,androughlyandreadily—syntheticjudgmentsعلى
apriorishouldnot"bepossible"atall;wehaveno
حق
righttothem;inourmouthstheyare
شيء
nothingbutfalsejudgments.Only,ofcourse,thebeliefintheirtruthisnecessary,as
معقول
plausiblebeliefandocularevidencebelongingtotheperspectiveviewoflife.Andfinally,tocalltomindtheenormousinfluence
الذي
which"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyouتفهم
understanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisلا
nodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;thankstoGerman
الفلسفة
philosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,andthepoliticalobscurantistsofجميع
allnations,tofindanترياق
antidotetothestilloverwhelmingsensualismالتي
whichoverflowedfromthelastالقرن
centuryintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...