PREFACE
SUPPOSINGthatTruthisawoman—whatthen?
Is
هناك
therenotgroundforsuspectingthatكل
allphilosophers,insofarastheyhavebeendogmatists,havefailedtoفهم
understandwomen—thattheterribleseriousnessandclumsyimportunitywithwhichtheyhaveusuallypaidtheiraddressestoTruth,havebeenunskilledandunseemlymethodsforwinningawoman?Certainlyshehas
لم
neverallowedherselftobewon;andatpresentevery
نوع
kindofdogmastandswithsadanddiscouragedmien—IF,indeed,itstandsatall!For
هناك
therearescofferswhomaintainthatithasfallen,thatكل
alldogmaliesontheground—nayأكثر
more,thatitisatitslastgasp.Buttospeakseriously,
هناك
therearegoodgroundsforhopingthatكل
alldogmatizinginphilosophy,whateversolemn,whateverconclusiveanddecidedairsithasassumed,mayhavebeenonlyanoblepuerilismandtyronism;and
المحتمل
probablythetimeisathandعندما
whenitwillbeonceandمرة أخرى
againunderstoodWHAThasactuallysufficedforthebasisofهذه
suchimposingandabsolutephilosophicaledificesasthedogmatistsيكون
havehithertoreared:perhapssomepopularsuperstitionofimmemorialtime(suchasthesoul-superstition,which,intheformofsubject-
andego-superstition,hasnot
بعد
yetceaseddoingmischief):perhapssomeplayuponwords,adeceptiononthepartofgrammar,
أو
oranaudaciousgeneralizationofveryrestricted,verypersonal,veryhuman—all-too-humanfacts.Thephilosophyofthedogmatists,itistobehoped,was
سوى
onlyapromiseforthousandsofyearsafterwards,aswasastrologyinstillearliertimes,intheserviceofwhichربما
probablymorelabour,gold,acuteness,andpatiencehavebeenspentthanonanyactualsciencehitherto:weowetoit,andtoits"super-terrestrial"pretensionsinAsiaandEgypt,thegrandstyleofarchitecture.
Itseemsthatin
أجل
ordertoinscribethemselvesupontheقلب
heartofhumanitywitheverlastingclaims,جميع
allgreatthingshavefirsttowanderحول
abouttheearthasenormousandawe-inspiringcaricatures:dogmaticphilosophyhasbeen
على
acaricatureofthiskind—forinstance,theVedantadoctrineinAsia,andPlatonisminEurope.Letusnotbeungratefultoit,althoughit
يجب
mustcertainlybeconfessedthattheworst,themosttiresome,andthemostdangerousoferrorshithertohasbeenعلى
adogmatisterror—namely,Plato'sinventionofPureSpiritandtheGoodinItself.But
الآن
nowwhenithasbeensurmounted,عندما
whenEurope,ridofthisnightmare,يمكن
canagaindrawbreathfreelyandatالأقل
leastenjoyahealthier—sleep,we,WHOSEDUTYISWAKEFULNESSITSELF,aretheheirsofكل
allthestrengthwhichthestruggleضد
againstthiserrorhasfostered.Itamountedtotheveryinversionoftruth,andthedenialofthePERSPECTIVE—thefundamentalcondition—oflife,tospeakofSpiritandtheGoodasPlatospokeofthem;
indeedonemightask,asaphysician:
"Howdidsuchamaladyattackthatfinestproductofantiquity,Plato?
HadthewickedSocratesreallycorruptedhim?
WasSocrates
بعد
afterallacorrupterofyouths,anddeservedhishemlock?"لكن
ButthestruggleagainstPlato,or—tospeakplainer,andforthe"people"—thestruggleضد
againsttheecclesiasticaloppressionofmillenniumsofChristianityأجل
(FORCHRISTIANITYISPLATONISMFORTHE"PEOPLE"),producedinEuropeamagnificenttensionofsoul,suchashadnotexistedanywherepreviously;مع
withsuchatenselystrainedbowoneيمكن
cannowaimatthefurthestgoals.Asamatterof
الواقع
fact,theEuropeanfeelsthistensionasastateofdistress,andtwiceattemptshavebeenmadeingrandstyletounbendthebow:oncebymeansofJesuitism,andthe
ثانية
secondtimebymeansofdemocraticenlightenment—which,withtheaidoflibertyofthepressandnewspaper-reading,might,inالواقع
fact,bringitaboutthatthespiritwouldnotsoeasilyتجد
finditselfin"distress"!(TheGermansinventedgunpowder—allcreditto
لهم
them!buttheyagainmadethingssquare—theyinventedprinting.)
لكن
Butwe,whoareneitherJesuits,nordemocrats,norحتى
evensufficientlyGermans,weGOODEUROPEANS,andحرة
free,VERYfreespirits—wehaveitstill,كل
allthedistressofspiritandكل
allthetensionofitsbow!Andperhapsalsothearrow,theduty,and,whoknows?
THEGOALTOAIMAT....
CHAPTERI.PREJUDICESOFPHILOSOPHERS
1.
TheWillto
الحقيقة
Truth,whichistotemptustoالعديد
manyahazardousenterprise,thefamousTruthfulnessofالتي
whichallphilosophershavehithertospokenwithrespect,whatquestionshasهذا
thisWilltoTruthnotlaidbeforeلنا
us!Whatstrange,perplexing,questionablequestions!
Itisalreadya
طويلة
longstory;yetitseemsas
لو
ifitwerehardlycommenced.Isitanywonder
إذا
ifweatlastgrowdistrustful,losepatience,andturnimpatientlyaway?ThatthisSphinxteachesusatlastto
نسأل
askquestionsourselves?WHOisitreallythatputsquestionstoushere?
WHATreallyis
هذه
this"WilltoTruth"inus?In
الواقع
factwemadealonghaltatthequestionastotheoriginofهذه
thisWill—untilatlastwecametoanabsolutestandstillأمام
beforeayetmorefundamentalquestion.Weinquired
عن
abouttheVALUEofthisWill.Grantedthatwe
نريد
wantthetruth:WHYNOTRATHERuntruth?
Anduncertainty?
حتى
Evenignorance?Theproblemofthevalueof
الحقيقة
truthpresenteditselfbeforeus—orwasitweالذين
whopresentedourselvesbeforetheمشكلة
problem?WhichofusistheOedipushere?
WhichtheSphinx?
Itwouldseemtobearendezvousofquestionsandnotesofinterrogation.
Andcoulditbebelievedthatitatlastseemstousas
لو
iftheproblemhadneverbeenpropoundedقبل
before,asifweweretheأول
firsttodiscernit,getعلى
asightofit,andRISKRAISINGit?For
هناك
thereisriskinraisingit,perhapsهناك
thereisnogreaterrisk.2.
"HOWCOULDanythingoriginateoutofitsopposite?
Forexample,
الحقيقة
truthoutoferror?ortheWillto
الحقيقة
Truthoutofthewilltodeception?أو
orthegenerousdeedoutofselfishness?أو
orthepuresun-brightvisionofthewiseالرجل
manoutofcovetousness?Suchgenesisisimpossible;
whoeverdreamsofitisafool,nay,worsethanafool;
thingsofthehighestvalue
يجب
musthaveadifferentorigin,anoriginofTHEIRown—inهذا
thistransitory,seductive,illusory,paltryالعالم
world,inthisturmoilofdelusionandcupidity,theycannotيكون
havetheirsource.ButratherinthelapofBeing,intheintransitory,intheconcealed
الله
God,inthe'Thing-in-itself—THEREmustbetheirsource,andnowhereelse!"—Thismodeofreasoningdisclosesthetypicalprejudicebywhichmetaphysiciansofalltimesيمكن
canberecognized,thismodeofvaluationisatthebackofalltheirlogicalprocedure;خلال
throughthis"belief"oftheirs,theyexertthemselvesfortheir"knowledge,"forشيء
somethingthatisintheالنهاية
endsolemnlychristened"theTruth."ThefundamentalbeliefofmetaphysiciansisTHEBELIEFINANTITHESESOFVALUES.
It
لم
neveroccurredeventothewariestofthemtodoubtهنا
hereontheverythreshold(wheredoubt,however,wasأكثر
mostnecessary);thoughtheyhadmade
على
asolemnvow,"DEOMNIBUSDUBITANDUM."Foritmaybedoubted,firstly,whetherantithesesexistatall;
andsecondly,whetherthepopularvaluationsandantithesesofvalueupon
التي
whichmetaphysicianshavesettheirseal,arenotperhapsmerelysuperficialestimates,merelyprovisionalperspectives,besidesbeingprobablymadefromsomecorner,perhapsfrombelow—"frogperspectives,"asitwere,toborrowanexpressioncurrentamongpainters.Inspiteof
كل
allthevaluewhichmaybelongtotheالحقيقي
true,thepositive,andtheunselfish,itmightbeالممكن
possiblethatahigherandmorefundamentalvalueforlifegenerallyshouldbeassignedtopretence,tothewilltodelusion,toselfishness,andcupidity.Itmight
حتى
evenbepossiblethatWHATconstitutesthevalueofتلك
thosegoodandrespectedthings,consistspreciselyintheirbeinginsidiouslyrelated,knotted,andcrochetedtotheseevilandapparentlyopposedthings—perhapsحتى
eveninbeingessentiallyidenticalwiththem.ربما
Perhaps!Butwhowishestoconcernhimselfwith
هذه
suchdangerous"Perhapses"!Forthatinvestigationone
يجب
mustawaittheadventofعلى
aneworderofphilosophers,مثل
suchaswillhaveothertastesandinclinations,thereverseofأولئك
thosehithertoprevalent—philosophersofthedangerous"Perhaps"inكل
everysenseoftheterm.Andtospeakinallseriousness,I
أرى
seesuchnewphilosophersbeginningtoappear.3.
Havingkeptasharpeyeonphilosophers,andhaving
قرأت
readbetweentheirlineslongفيه الكفاية
enough,Inowsaytomyselfthatthegreaterالجزء
partofconsciousthinkingmustbecountedamongtheinstinctivefunctions,anditissoحتى
eveninthecaseofphilosophicalthinking;onehas
هنا
heretolearnanew,asonelearnedanewعن
aboutheredityand"innateness."Aslittleastheactofbirthcomesintoconsiderationinthewholeprocessandprocedureofheredity,justaslittleis"being-conscious"OPPOSEDtotheinstinctiveinanydecisivesense;
thegreater
الجزء
partoftheconsciousthinkingofaphilosopherissecretlyinfluencedbyhisinstincts,andforcedintodefinitechannels.و
Andbehindalllogicanditsseemingsovereigntyofmovement,هناك
therearevaluations,ortospeakأكثر
moreplainly,physiologicaldemands,forthemaintenanceofعلى
adefinitemodeoflifeForexample,thatthecertainisworthأكثر
morethantheuncertain,thatillusionislessvaluablethan"truth"suchvaluations,inspiteoftheirregulativeimportanceforلنا
US,mightnotwithstandingbeonlysuperficialvaluations,خاصة
specialkindsofniaiserie,suchasmaybenecessaryforthemaintenanceofbeingssuchasourselves.Supposing,ineffect,
أن
thatmanisnotjustthe"measureofthings."4.
Thefalsenessofanopinionisnotforus
أي
anyobjectiontoit:itishere,perhaps,
أن
thatournewlanguagesoundsالأكثر
moststrangely.Thequestionis,howfaranopinionislife-furthering,life-preserving,species-preserving,
ربما
perhapsspecies-rearing,andwearefundamentallyinclinedtomaintainthatthefalsestopinions(toأي
whichthesyntheticjudgmentsaprioribelong),aretheالأكثر
mostindispensabletous,thatwithoutarecognitionoflogicalfictions,withoutacomparisonofrealitywiththepurelyIMAGINEDworldoftheabsoluteandimmutable,withoutaconstantcounterfeitingoftheworldbymeansofnumbers,mancouldnotlive—thattherenunciationoffalseopinionswouldbearenunciationoflife,anegationoflife.TORECOGNISEUNTRUTHASACONDITIONOFLIFE;
thatiscertainlytoimpugnthetraditionalideasofvaluein
على
adangerousmanner,andaphilosophywhichventurestoالقيام
doso,hastherebyaloneplaceditselfbeyondgoodandevil.5.
Thatwhichcausesphilosopherstoberegardedhalf-distrustfullyandhalf-mockingly,isnottheoft-repeateddiscovery
كم
howinnocenttheyare—howoftenandeasilytheymakemistakesandlosetheirway,inshort,كم
howchildishandchildliketheyare,—butthatthereisnotفيه الكفاية
enoughhonestdealingwiththem,whereastheyجميعا
allraisealoudandvirtuousoutcryعندما
whentheproblemoftruthfulnessisحتى
evenhintedatintheremotestmanner.They
جميع
allposeasthoughtheirrealopinionshadbeendiscoveredandattainedخلال
throughtheself-evolvingofaالباردة
cold,pure,divinelyindifferentdialectic(incontrasttoجميع
allsortsofmystics,who,fairerandfoolisher,talkof"inspiration"),whereas,inالواقع
fact,aprejudicedproposition,idea,أو
or"suggestion,"whichisgenerallytheirheart'sdesireabstractedandrefined,isdefendedbythemwithargumentssoughtoutبعد
aftertheevent.Theyarealladvocateswhodonotwishtoberegardedassuch,generallyastutedefenders,also,oftheirprejudices,whichtheydub"truths,"—andVERYfarfromhavingtheconsciencewhichbravelyadmitsthistoitself,veryfarfromhavingthegoodtasteofthecouragewhichgoessofarastoletthisbeunderstood,
ربما
perhapstowarnfriendorfoe,أو
orincheerfulconfidenceandself-ridicule.ThespectacleoftheTartufferyofoldKant,equallystiffanddecent,withwhichheenticesusintothedialecticby-waysthatlead(morecorrectlymislead)tohis"categoricalimperative"—makesusfastidiousonessmile,wewhofind
لا
nosmallamusementinspyingoutthesubtletricksofoldmoralistsandethicalpreachers.أو
Or,stillmoreso,thehocus-pocusinmathematicalform,bymeansofwhichSpinozahas,asitwere,cladhisphilosophyinmailandmask—inالواقع
fact,the"loveofHISwisdom,"totranslatethetermfairlyandsquarely—inأجل
ordertherebytostriketerroratonceintotheقلب
heartoftheassailantwhoshoulddaretocastaglanceonthatinvinciblemaiden,thatPallasAthene:—howmuchofpersonaltimidityandvulnerabilitydoesthismasqueradeofasicklyreclusebetray!6.
Ithasgradually
أصبح
becomecleartomewhatكل
everygreatphilosophyuptillالآن
nowhasconsistedof—namely,theconfessionofitsoriginator,andaspeciesofinvoluntaryandunconsciousauto-biography;andmoreoverthatthemoral(orimmoral)purposein
كل
everyphilosophyhasconstitutedthetruevitalgermoutofwhichtheentireplanthasalwaysgrown.Indeed,tounderstand
كيفية
howtheabstrusestmetaphysicalassertionsofaphilosopherhavebeenarrivedat,itisalwayswell(andwise)tofirstتسأل
askoneself:"Whatmoralitydothey(ordoeshe)aimat?"
Accordingly,Idonotbelievethat
على
an"impulsetoknowledge"istheوالد
fatherofphilosophy;butthatanotherimpulse,
هنا
hereaselsewhere,hasonlymadeuseofknowledge(andmistakenknowledge!)asaninstrument.
لكن
Butwhoeverconsidersthefundamentalimpulsesofmanwithعلى
aviewtodetermininghowfartheymayhaveهنا
hereactedasINSPIRINGGENIIأو
(orasdemonsandcobolds),willfindthattheyhaveallpracticedphilosophyatواحد
onetimeoranother,andthateachواحد
oneofthemwouldhavebeenonlytoogladtolookuponitselfastheultimateendofexistenceandthelegitimateLORDoveralltheالأخرى
otherimpulses.Foreveryimpulseisimperious,andas
هذا
SUCH,attemptstophilosophize.Tobesure,inthe
حالة
caseofscholars,intheحالة
caseofreallyscientificmen,itقد
maybeotherwise—"better,"ifyouwill;هناك
theretheremayreallybesuchaشيء
thingasan"impulsetoknowledge,"someنوع
kindofsmall,independentclock-work,which,عندما
whenwellwoundup,worksawayindustriouslytothatend,دون
WITHOUTtherestofthescholarlyimpulsestakinganymaterialجزء
parttherein.Theactual"interests"ofthescholar,therefore,aregenerallyinquite
آخر
anotherdirection—inthefamily,perhaps,أو
orinmoney-making,orinpolitics;it
يتم
is,infact,almostindifferentatwhatpointofresearchhisالصغير
littlemachineisplaced,andwhetherthehopefulالشاب
youngworkerbecomesagoodphilologist,amushroomspecialist,أو
orachemist;heisnotCHARACTERISEDbybecomingthis
أو
orthat.Inthephilosopher,onthecontrary,thereisabsolutely
شيء
nothingimpersonal;andaboveall,hismoralityfurnishesadecidedanddecisivetestimonyastoWHOHEIS,—thatistosay,inwhat
ترتيب
orderthedeepestimpulsesofhisnatureتقف
standtoeachother.7.
كم
Howmaliciousphilosopherscanbe!I
أعرف
knowofnothingmorestingingthanthejokeEpicurustookthelibertyofmakingonPlatoandthePlatonists;hecalledthemDionysiokolakes.
Initsoriginalsense,andonthefaceofit,the
الكلمة
wordsignifies"FlatterersofDionysius"—consequently,tyrants'accessoriesandlick-spittles;besidesthis,however,itisasmuchasto
يقول
say,"TheyareallACTORS,thereisشيء
nothinggenuineaboutthem"(forDionysiokolaxwasapopularnameforanactor).And
في
thelatterisreallythemalignantreproachthatEpicuruscastuponPlato:hewasannoyedbythegrandiosemanner,themiseenscenestyleof
الذي
whichPlatoandhisscholarsweremasters—ofالذي
whichEpicuruswasnotamaster!He,the
العجوز
oldschool-teacherofSamos,whosatconcealedinhislittlegardenatAthens,andwrotethreehundredbooks,ربما
perhapsoutofrageandambitiousenvyofPlato,whoknows!Greecetookahundredyearstofindout
من
whothegarden-godEpicurusreallywas.Didsheeverfindout?
8.
هناك
Thereisapointinكل
everyphilosophyatwhichthe"conviction"ofthephilosopherappearsonthescene;or,toputitinthewordsofanancientmystery:.
Adventavitasinus,Pulcheretfortissimus.
9.
Youdesireto
العيش
LIVE"accordingtoNature"?Oh,younobleStoics,whatfraudofwords!
Imaginetoyourselvesabeing
مثل
likeNature,boundlesslyextravagant,boundlesslyindifferent,withoutpurposeأو
orconsideration,withoutpityorjustice,atoncefruitfulandbarrenanduncertain:imaginetoyourselvesINDIFFERENCEasapower—howCOULDyou
تعيش
liveinaccordancewithsuchindifference?Tolive—isnotthat
مجرد
justendeavouringtobeotherwisethanthisNature?Isnotlivingvaluing,preferring,beingunjust,beinglimited,endeavouringtobedifferent?
Andgrantedthatyourimperative,"livingaccordingtoNature,"means
الواقع
actuallythesameas"livingaccordingtolife"—howcouldyouتفعل
doDIFFERENTLY?Whyshouldyoumakeaprincipleoutofwhatyouyourselvesare,andmustbe?
Inreality,however,itis
تماما
quiteotherwisewithyou:whileyoupretendtoreadwithrapturethecanonofyourlawinNature,youwantsomethingquitethecontrary,youextraordinarystage-playersandself-deluders!
Inyourprideyou
ترغب
wishtodictateyourmoralsandidealstoNature,toNatureherself,andtoincorporatethemtherein;youinsistthatitshallbeNature"accordingtotheStoa,"andwouldlike
كل شيء
everythingtobemadeafteryourالخاصة
ownimage,asavast,eternalglorificationandgeneralismofStoicism!مع
Withallyourlovefortruth,youhaveforcedyourselvessoطويلة
long,sopersistently,andwithsuchhypnoticrigiditytoرؤية
seeNatureFALSELY,thatistosay,Stoically,thatyouareأي
nolongerabletoseeitotherwise—andtocrownكل
all,someunfathomablesuperciliousnessgivesyoutheBedlamitehopethatBECAUSEyouareقادرين
abletotyrannizeoveryourselves—Stoicismisself-tyranny—Naturewillalsoallowherselftobetyrannizedover:isnottheStoicaPARTofNature?...
But
هذه
thisisanoldandeverlastingقصة
story:whathappenedinoldtimes
مع
withtheStoicsstillhappensاليوم
today,assoonaseveraphilosophybeginstobelieveinitself.Italwayscreatesthe
العالم
worldinitsownimage;itcannotdootherwise;
philosophyis
هذا
thistyrannicalimpulseitself,theالأكثر
mostspiritualWilltoPower,thewillto"creationoftheworld,"thewilltothecausaprima.10.
Theeagernessandsubtlety,Ishould
بل
evensaycraftiness,withwhichtheمشكلة
problemof"therealandtheapparentworld"isdealtwithatpresentthroughoutEurope,furnishesfoodforthoughtandattention;andhewhohears
سوى
onlya"WilltoTruth"inthebackground,andشيء
nothingelse,cannotcertainlyboastofthesharpestears.Inrareandisolatedcases,itmay
الحقيقة
reallyhavehappenedthatsuchaWilltoTruth—acertainextravagantandadventurouspluck,ametaphysician'sambitionoftheforlornhope—hasparticipatedtherein:ذلك
thatwhichintheendalwaysprefersعلى
ahandfulof"certainty"toعلى
awholecartloadofbeautifulpossibilities;هناك
theremayevenbepuritanicalfanaticsofconscience,whoprefertoوضع
puttheirlasttrustinasurenothing,ratherthaninanuncertainsomething.لكن
ButthatisNihilism,andtheعلامة
signofadespairing,mortallyweariedsoul,notwithstandingthecourageousbearingsuchعلى
avirtuemaydisplay.Itseems,however,tobeotherwise
مع
withstrongerandlivelierthinkersالذين
whoarestilleagerforالحياة
life.Inthattheyside
ضد
AGAINSTappearance,andspeaksuperciliouslyof"perspective,"inthattheyrankthecredibilityoftheirownbodiesعن
aboutaslowasthecredibilityoftheocularevidencethat"theearthstandsstill,"andthus,apparently,allowingwithcomplacencytheirsecurestpossessiontoescape(forwhatdoesoneatpresentbelieveinأكثر
morefirmlythaninone'sbody?),—whoknowsإذا
iftheyarenotreallytryingtowinbackشيء
somethingwhichwasformerlyanevensecurerpossession,شيء
somethingoftheolddomainofthefaithofformertimes,ربما
perhapsthe"immortalsoul,"perhaps"theoldGod,"inshort,ideasbyالذي
whichtheycouldlivebetter,thatistosay,أكثر
morevigorouslyandmorejoyously,thanby"modernideas"?هناك
ThereisDISTRUSTofthesemodernideasinthismodeoflookingatthings,adisbeliefinallthathasbeenconstructedyesterdayandtoday;هناك
thereisperhapssomeslightadmixtureofsatietyandscorn,الذي
whichcannolongerenduretheBRIC-A-BRACofideasoftheالأكثر
mostvariedorigin,suchasso-calledPositivismatpresentthrowsonthemarket;adisgustofthemorerefinedtasteatthevillage-fairmotleynessandpatchinessofall
هؤلاء
thesereality-philosophasters,inwhomthereisشيء
nothingeithernewortrue,exceptهذا
thismotleyness.Thereinitseemstomethatweshouldagree
مع
withthoseskepticalanti-realistsandknowledge-microscopistsofفي
thepresentday;theirinstinct,
التي
whichrepelsthemfromMODERNreality,isunrefuted...whatdotheirretrogradeby-pathsconcernus!
في
ThemainthingaboutthemisNOTذلك
thattheywishtogo"back,"butذلك
thattheywishtogetAWAYtherefrom.A
القليل
littleMOREstrength,swing,courage,andartisticpower,andtheywouldbeOFF—andnotback!11.
Itseemstomethat
هناك
thereiseverywhereanattemptatpresenttodivertattentionfromtheactualinfluencewhichKantexercisedonGermanphilosophy,andespeciallytoignoreprudentlythevaluewhichhesetuponhimself.KantwasfirstandforemostproudofhisTableofCategories;
withitinhis
يده
handhesaid:"Thisisthemostdifficult
شيء
thingthatcouldeverbeundertakenonbehalfofmetaphysics."Letus
فقط
onlyunderstandthis"couldbe"!HewasproudofhavingDISCOVEREDa
جديدة
newfacultyinman,thefacultyofsyntheticjudgmentapriori.Grantingthathedeceivedhimselfin
هذه
thismatter;thedevelopmentandrapidflourishingofGermanphilosophydependedneverthelessonhispride,andontheeagerrivalryoftheyoungergenerationtodiscoverifpossiblesomething—atallevents"newfaculties"—ofwhichtobestillprouder!—Butletusreflectforamoment—itishigh
الوقت
timetodoso."HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaprioriPOSSIBLE?"
Kantaskshimself—andwhatisreallyhisanswer?
"BYMEANSOFAMEANS(faculty)"—butunfortunatelynotin
خمس
fivewords,butsocircumstantially,imposingly,andwithsuchdisplayofGermanprofundityandverbalflourishes,thatonealtogetherlosessightofthecomicalniaiserieallemandeinvolvedinsuchanالإجابة
answer.Peoplewerebesidethemselveswithdelightover
هذه
thisnewfaculty,andthejubilationreacheditsclimaxعندما
whenKantfurtherdiscoveredamoralfacultyinman—foratذلك
thattimeGermanswerestillmoral,notبعد
yetdabblinginthe"Politicsofhardfact."ThencamethehoneymoonofGermanphilosophy.
جميع
Alltheyoungtheologiansofفي
theTubingeninstitutionwentimmediatelyintoفي
thegroves—allseekingfor"faculties."و
Andwhatdidtheynotfind—inthatinnocent,rich,و
andstillyouthfulperiodofفي
theGermanspirit,towhichRomanticism,في
themaliciousfairy,pipedandsang,عندما
whenonecouldnotyetdistinguishبين
between"finding"and"inventing"!Above
كل
allafacultyforthe"transcendental";Schellingchristenedit,intellectualintuition,andtherebygratifiedthemostearnestlongingsofthenaturallypious-inclinedGermans.
One
يمكن
candonogreaterwrongtothewholeofهذه
thisexuberantandeccentricmovement(whichwasreallyyouthfulness,notwithstandingthatitdisguiseditselfsoboldly,inhoaryandsenileconceptions),thantotakeitseriously,أو
oreventreatitwithmoralindignation.Enough,however—the
العالم
worldgrewolder,andtheالحلم
dreamvanished.Atimecamewhen
الناس
peoplerubbedtheirforeheads,andtheystillrubthemاليوم
today.Peoplehadbeendreaming,andfirstandforemost—oldKant.
"Bymeansof
على
ameans(faculty)"—hehadsaid,أو
oratleastmeanttoيقول
say.But,isthat—ananswer?
Anexplanation?
Orisitnotrathermerelyarepetitionofthequestion?
كيف
Howdoesopiuminducesleep?"Bymeansofameans(faculty),"namelythevirtusdormitiva,repliesthe
الطبيب
doctorinMoliere,.Butsuchrepliesbelongtotherealmofcomedy,anditishigh
الوقت
timetoreplacetheKantianالسؤال
question,"HowaresyntheticjudgmentsaPRIORIpossible?"by
آخر
anotherquestion,"Whyisbeliefinsuchjudgmentsnecessary?"—ineffect,itishighالوقت
timethatweshouldunderstandthatsuchjudgmentsmustbebelievedtobetrue,forthesakeofthepreservationofcreatureslikeourselves;thoughthey
لا تزال
stillmightnaturallybefalsejudgments!أو
Or,moreplainlyspoken,androughlyandreadily—syntheticjudgmentsعلى
apriorishouldnot"bepossible"atall;wehaveno
حق
righttothem;inourmouthstheyare
شيء
nothingbutfalsejudgments.Only,ofcourse,thebeliefintheirtruthisnecessary,asplausiblebeliefandocularevidencebelongingtotheperspectiveviewoflife.
Andfinally,tocalltomindtheenormousinfluence
الذي
which"Germanphilosophy"—Ihopeyouتفهم
understanditsrighttoinvertedcommas(goosefeet)?—hasexercisedthroughoutthewholeofEurope,thereisلا
nodoubtthatacertainVIRTUSDORMITIVAhadashareinit;thankstoGermanphilosophy,itwasadelighttothenobleidlers,thevirtuous,themystics,theartiste,thethree-fourthsChristians,andthepoliticalobscurantistsof
جميع
allnations,tofindanantidotetotheلا تزال
stilloverwhelmingsensualismwhichoverflowedfromtheالماضي
lastcenturyintothis,inshort—"sensusassoupire."...